1. Global warming will likely cause more ecological change by altering how species interact with each other than by directly affecting individual species. Field heating experiments are essential to test how warming will change species interactions. However, such experiments pose many logistical challenges, including heater construction and accuracy and accessing necessary infrastructure.
2. To facilitate these experiments, we developed portable active heaters suitable for heating microhabitats and sites of species interactions. We validated heater performance using two different target microhabitats: rolled leaf refugia and aquatic microcosms.
3. Using plastic mesh, resistive heating wire and an Arduino UNO microcontroller system with a custom shield, we built adjustable heaters that can dynamically heat small targets to at least 5°C above ambient temperature. Leaf target systems were heated with mean absolute errors (MAE) of 0.40–1.06°C. Water target systems were heated with MAE of 0.02–0.04°C.
4. These heaters can be customized to accurately heat a wide range of target sites (leaves, flowers, nests, small pools of water, etc.), many of which cannot be easily heated with traditional heaters. They can be easily constructed and require less field site infrastructure than many active heaters. These heaters' adjustability and portability mean that they can help test the effects of global warming in many situations, particularly in remote and lightly developed areas.

中文翻译：

---

便携式加热器，用于微环境加热实验

1. 全球变暖可能通过改变物种之间的相互作用方式而不是直接影响单个物种而引起更多的生态变化。现场加热实验对于测试变暖如何改变物种相互作用至关重要。但是，这样的实验带来了许多后勤方面的挑战，包括加热器的结构和准确性以及访问必要的基础设施。
2. 为了促进这些实验，我们开发了适用于加热微栖息地和物种相互作用场所的便携式有源加热器。我们使用两种不同的目标微生境验证了加热器的性能：卷叶避难所和水生微观世界。
3. 我们使用塑料网，电阻加热丝和带有自定义屏蔽的Arduino UNO微控制器系统，构建了可调节加热器，该加热器可以将小目标动态加热到至少比环境温度高5°C。叶片目标系统被加热，平均绝对误差（MAE）为0.40–1.06°C。将目标水系统的MAE加热到0.02–0.04°C。
4. 可以对这些加热器进行定制，以精确加热各种各样的目标位置（叶子，花朵，巢穴，小水池等），其中许多目标位置都无法通过传统加热器轻松加热。与许多有源加热器相比，它们易于构造，并且所需的现场基础设施更少。这些加热器的可调节性和便携性意味着它们可以在许多情况下，特别是在偏远和轻工业地区，帮助测试全球变暖的影响。