With the high tolerance for acetic acid and abundant multifunctional enzymes, acetic acid bacteria (AAB), as valuable biocatalysts, exhibit great advantages during industrial acetic acid production and value-added chemical fermentation. However, low biomass and a low production rates arising from acid stress remains major hurdles in industrial processes. Engineering AAB with excellent properties is expected to obtain economically viable production and facilitates their biotechnological applications. Here, the investigation of acetic acid-tolerance mechanisms and metabolic features is discussed, and effective targets are provided for the metabolic engineering of AAB. Next, we review the advances in improving AAB and compare these advances with improvement to other model acid-tolerant microorganisms. Furthermore, future directions involving the combination of systems biology and synthetic biology to achieve efficient biomanufacturing in AAB are highlighted.

中文翻译：

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改善乙酸细菌生物制造效率的代谢工程：进展和前景。

乙酸细菌（AAB）具有很高的乙酸耐受性和丰富的多功能酶，作为有价值的生物催化剂，在工业乙酸生产和增值化学发酵过程中显示出巨大的优势。然而，由于酸胁迫而导致的低生物量和低生产率仍然是工业过程中的主要障碍。具有优异性能的工程AAB有望获得经济上可行的生产并促进其生物技术应用。在此，讨论了耐乙酸机理和代谢特征的研究，并为AAB的代谢工程提供了有效的靶标。接下来，我们回顾了改善AAB的进展，并将这些进展与其他模型耐酸微生物的改进进行了比较。此外，