Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are progressively affecting vineyard longevity and productivity worldwide. To be able to understand and combat these diseases, we need a different concept of the signals exchanged between the grapevine and fungi than the well-studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern and effector concepts. We screened extracts from fungi associated with GTDs for their association with basal defence responses in suspension cells of grapevine. By activity-guided fractionation of the two selected extracts, O-methylmellein was identified as a candidate modulator of grapevine immunity. O-Methylmellein could not induce immune responses by itself (i.e. does not act as an elicitor), but could amplify some of the defence responses triggered by the bacterial elicitor flg22, such as the induction level of defence genes and actin remodelling. These findings show that Eutypa lata, exemplarily selected as an endophytic fungus linked with GTDs, can secrete compounds that act as amplifiers of basal immunity. Thus, in addition to elicitors that can trigger basal immunity, and effectors that down-modulate antibacterial basal immunity, once it had been activated, E. lata seems to secrete a third type of chemical signal that amplifies basal immunity and may play a role in the context of consortia of mutually competing microorganisms.

中文翻译：

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狩猎植物防御调节剂：葡萄干病真菌Eutypa lata分泌一种增强植物基础免疫力的物质。

葡萄树干疾病（GTDs）逐渐影响着全球葡萄园的寿命和生产力。为了能够理解和抵抗这些疾病，与对病原体相关的分子模式和效应器概念的深入研究相比，我们需要在葡萄和真菌之间交换信号的概念有所不同。我们筛选了与GTDs相关的真菌提取物，它们与葡萄悬浮细胞中的基础防御反应有关。通过两种选择的提取物的活性指导分级分离，O-甲基水胶蛋白被鉴定为葡萄藤免疫力的候选调节剂。Ø-甲基水杨素本身不能诱导免疫反应（即不充当激发子），但是可以放大细菌激发子flg22触发的一些防御反应，例如防御基因的诱导水平和肌动蛋白重塑。这些发现表明，典型地被选作与GTD连接的内生真菌的Eutypa lata可以分泌起基础免疫增强剂作用的化合物。因此，除了被激活的引发剂和可以下调抗菌基础免疫的效应子，一旦被激活，大肠埃希菌似乎会分泌第三种化学信号，放大基础免疫，并可能在其中发挥作用。相互竞争的微生物的联合体的背景。