This article presents a 640 $\times $ 640 fully dynamic CMOS image sensor for the always-on operation. It consists of a dynamic pixel source follower (SF), whose output signal is sampled into a parasitic column capacitor and then read out by a dynamic single-slope (SS) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based on a dynamic bias comparator and an energy-efficient two-step counter. The prototype sensor was implemented in a 110-nm CMOS process, achieving 0.3% peak non-linearity, 6.1 e⁻_rms random noise (RN), and 67-dB dynamic range. The power consumption is only 2.1 mW at 44 frames per second (fps) and is further reduced to 140 $\mu \text{W}$ at 5 fps with the sub-sampled 320 $\times $ 320 mode. This sensor achieves a state-of-the-art energy efficiency figure-of-merit of 0.71 e⁻ $\cdot $ nJ.

中文翻译：

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一个 640 x 640 全动态 CMOS 图像传感器，用于永远在线操作

本文介绍了一个 640 $\times $ 640 全动态 CMOS 图像传感器，可实现不间断运行。它由动态像素源跟随器 (SF) 组成，其输出信号被采样到寄生列电容器中，然后由基于动态偏置比较器的动态单斜率 (SS) 模数转换器 (ADC) 读出和一个节能的两步计数器。原型传感器采用 110-nm CMOS 工艺实现，实现了 0.3% 的峰值非线性、6.1 e ^- _rms随机噪声 (RN) 和 67-dB 动态范围。每秒 44 帧 (fps) 时的功耗仅为 2.1 mW，并进一步降低至 140 $\mu \text{W}$ 以 5 fps 和子采样 320 $\times $ 320 模式。该传感器实现了 0.71 e ^-的最先进的能效品质因数^- $\cdot $ 新泽西州