The possibility to apply passive radar sounding techniques to the Jovian icy moons, making use of Jupiter’s strong decametric emissions (DAMs), has recently garnered large research interest. In this article, we propose a radar sounding simulation approach being able to simulate and compare passive and active acquisitions for a given scenario. The proposed simulator is based on the Stratton–Chu integral used with the linear phase approximation on triangular facets. The external field is modeled with plane waves, the direction, polarization, and amplitude of which can be freely chosen. The time-domain dependence can be either synthetically generated (e.g., Gaussian white noise) or taken from experimental measurements (e.g., waveforms recorded by a radio telescope observing Jupiter). For passive sounding, both autocorrelation and cross-correlation processing are considered. Validation tests were conducted on a series of ideal digital elevation models (DEMs), such as flat surfaces and subsurfaces, or Gaussian rough surfaces, and a good agreement with the existing literature was obtained. To illustrate the capabilities of the proposed simulator, we conducted additional more realistic experiments of radar sounding simulations, where we use both white noise and Jovian waveforms recorded by the LWA1 radio telescope.

中文翻译：

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一种模拟木星冰卫星主动和被动雷达探测的相干方法

利用木星强大的十角发射（DAM），将无源雷达探测技术应用于木星冰冷卫星的可能性最近引起了广泛的研究兴趣。在本文中，我们提出了一种雷达探测模拟方法，能够模拟和比较给定场景的被动和主动捕获。建议的模拟器基于 Stratton-Chu 积分，与三角面上的线性相位近似一起使用。外场用平面波建模，其方向、极化和幅度可以自由选择。时域相关性可以是综合生成的（例如，高斯白噪声）或从实验测量中获取（例如，由观测木星的射电望远镜记录的波形）。对于被动发声，考虑了自相关和互相关处理。对一系列理想的数字高程模型（DEM）进行了验证测试，例如平坦表面和次表面，或高斯粗糙表面，与现有文献取得了良好的一致性。为了说明所提出的模拟器的功能，我们进行了额外的更真实的雷达探测模拟实验，其中我们使用了 LWA1 射电望远镜记录的白噪声和木星波形。