Abstract A low temperature densification technique, i.e. reactive hydrothermal liquid-phase densification (rHLPD) was followed to obtain highly dense BaTiO3 components at temperatures ≤ 240 °C. The formed ceramics were characterized concerning not only the structural features but also the electrical properties. The increase of both reaction time and temperature resulted in enhanced densification of BaTiO3 components reaching about 90% of theoretical density. The presence of the tetragonal BaTiO3 was demonstrated by both XRD and TEM analysis. Despite the low reaction temperatures, the samples showed promising dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric functionality without additional annealing. A broad dielectric peak was observed around 135 °C at the Curie temperature; saturated hysteresis loops and corresponding butterfly-shaped strain-electric field loops were obtained. BaTiO3 sample subjected to hydrothermal reaction at 240 °C for 72 h yielded a piezoelectric coefficient of 84 pC/N.

中文翻译：

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低温致密钛酸钡的电学特性

摘要 采用低温致密化技术，即反应性水热液相致密化(rHLPD)，在≤ 240 °C 的温度下获得高致密的BaTiO3 组分。成型的陶瓷不仅具有结构特征，而且还具有电性能。反应时间和温度的增加导致 BaTiO3 组分的致密化增强，达到理论密度的 90%。XRD 和 TEM 分析证明了四方 BaTiO3 的存在。尽管反应温度低，但样品显示出良好的介电、铁电和压电功能，无需额外退火。在居里温度下在 135 °C 附近观察到一个宽的介电峰；获得了饱和磁滞回线和相应的蝴蝶形应变电场回线。BaTiO3 样品在 240°C 下进行水热反应 72 小时，产生了 84 pC/N 的压电系数。