The presence of anthropogenic drugs in the aquatic ecosystems is a reality nowadays, and a large number of studies have been reporting their putative toxic effects on wildlife. However, the majority of the studies published so far uses standard organisms, whose probability of becoming in contact with drugs in real scenarios of contamination is at least, low. The use of autochthonous organisms in ecotoxicity testing is thus mandatory, and the present study aimed to assess the feasibility of assessing oxidative based stress responses (enzymatic defenses, such as catalase, glutathione-s-transferases, and lipid peroxidation; neurotoxicity as an indirect outcome of oxidizing conditions) on a polychaete species, Hediste diversicolor, after being acutely and chronically exposed to the widely employed drug paracetamol. H. diversicolor showed to be responsive to paracetamol exposure. Data obtained after acute exposure to paracetamol showed that no antioxidant adaptive response was established, but cholinesterasic activity was enhanced. On the contrary, long term exposure of H. diversicolor individuals to paracetamol resulted in clear pro-oxidative effects, with catalase and cholinesterase inhibition, and a significant reduction in the levels of lipoperoxidation. Considering that some of the tested levels (especially those of the chronic test) were already reported in the wild, the here-obtained results are of high environmental significance. In addition, chronic exposure regime yielded more significant results, with important modification of more parameters, suggesting that realistic conditions of exposure are more suited for an integrated assessment of toxicity of drugs in aquatic organisms.

如今，在水生生态系统中存在人为药物已经成为现实，并且大量研究报告了它们对野生生物的假定毒性作用。但是，迄今为止发表的大多数研究都使用标准生物，在真实的污染情况下，它们与药物接触的可能性至少很低。因此，必须在生态毒性测试中使用土生生物，本研究旨在评估评估基于氧化的应激反应（酶防护，如过氧化氢酶，谷胱甘肽-s-转移酶和脂质过氧化反应）的可行性；神经毒性作为间接结果氧化条件）对多壳物种Hediste diversicolor急性和慢性暴露于广泛使用的对乙酰氨基酚之后。杂色嗜血杆菌显示对扑热息痛暴露有反应。急性暴露于对乙酰氨基酚后获得的数据表明，未建立抗氧化剂适应性反应，但胆碱酯酶活性增强。相反，杂色嗜血杆菌的长期暴露个体对乙酰氨基酚可产生明显的促氧化作用，并具有过氧化氢酶和胆碱酯酶抑制作用，并且脂过氧化水平显着降低。考虑到已经在野外报道了一些测试水平（尤其是慢性测试水平），因此这里获得的结果具有很高的环境意义。此外，慢性暴露方案产生了更重要的结果，同时对更多参数进行了重要修改，这表明现实的暴露条件更适合对药物在水生生物中的毒性进行综合评估。