Do people discriminate between men and women when they are in charge of punishing defectors or rewarding cooperators? Answering this question has potentially far-reaching implications on gender equity, since cooperative behaviour forms the basis of our societies and is typically enforced through punishment or rewarding. In this paper we report on two pre-registered experiments, that we hope shed some light on this question. Study 1 (N=1,077) shows that people do not discriminate between genders when they are in charge of punishing (rewarding) defectors (cooperators) in a one-shot public goods game. In this study, punishment/reward is implemented by asking participants whether they want to pay a cost to decrease/increase the payoff of a defector/cooperator. Study 2 (N=253) extends Study 1 to a different method of punishing/rewarding; participants are asked to rate the behaviour of a defector/cooperator from 1 to 5 stars. In this case too, we find that people do not discriminate between genders. All these results are robust to splitting the sample by gender: in our context, neither men nor women discriminate between genders when they are in charge of punishing defectors or rewarding cooperators.

中文翻译：

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惩罚叛逃者并奖励合作者：人们是否歧视性别？

人们在负责惩罚叛逃者或奖励合作者时是否存在男女歧视？回答这个问题可能会对性别平等产生深远的影响，因为合作行为构成了我们社会的基础，并且通常通过惩罚或奖励来强制执行。在本文中，我们报告了两个预先注册的实验，我们希望对这个问题有所了解。研究 1 (N=1,077) 表明，当人们在一次性公共产品游戏中负责惩罚（奖励）叛逃者（合作者）时，他们不会区分性别。在这项研究中，通过询问参与者是否愿意支付成本来减少/增加叛逃者/合作者的回报来实施惩罚/奖励。研究 2 (N=253) 将研究 1 扩展到不同的惩罚/奖励方法；参与者被要求对叛逃者/合作者的行为进行 1 到 5 星的评分。在这种情况下，我们也发现人们不区分性别。所有这些结果对于按性别划分样本都是稳健的：在我们的背景下，男性和女性在负责惩罚叛逃者或奖励合作者时都不会区分性别。