There are still many open questions regarding the nature of Uranus and Neptune, the outermost planets in the Solar System. In this review we summarize the current-knowledge about Uranus and Neptune with a focus on their composition and internal structure, formation including potential subsequent giant impacts, and thermal evolution. We present key open questions and discuss the uncertainty in the internal structures of the planets due to the possibility of non-adiabatic and inhomogeneous interiors. We also provide the reasoning for improved observational constraints on their fundamental physical parameters such as their gravitational and magnetic fields, rotation rates, and deep atmospheric composition and temperature. Only this way will we be able to improve our understating of these planetary objects, and the many similar-sized objects orbiting other stars.

中文翻译：

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天王星和海王星：起源、演化和内部结构

关于太阳系最外层行星天王星和海王星的性质，仍有许多悬而未决的问题。在这篇综述中，我们总结了关于天王星和海王星的当前知识，重点是它们的组成和内部结构，形成包括潜在的后续巨大撞击和热演化。我们提出了关键的开放性问题，并讨论了由于内部非绝热和不均匀的可能性而导致的行星内部结构的不确定性。我们还提供了改进对其基本物理参数（如重力和磁场、旋转速率以及深层大气成分和温度）的观测约束的推理。只有这样，我们才能更好地了解这些行星物体，