In México, the infusion of Jatropha vernicosa stem bark has been used in folk medicine for many clinical situations, but no reports were available about this particular species of Jatropha in fish of mammals. In this first screening report, the phytochemical, antioxidant profile and antimicrobial properties of aqueous J. vernicosa stem bark extract were explored against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an opportunist fish pathogen. To evaluate the cytotoxicity and immunological effect for the possible application of aqueous J. vernicosa stem bark in aquaculture, this study assessed it by using Longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana leukocytes. The results showed that phytochemical composition of the J. vernicosa extract was rich in phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and coumarin compounds. The antioxidant capacity of hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion scavenging activities, iron-chelation activity and β-carotene bleaching coupled to linoleic acid showed that J. vernicosa extracts had a moderate antioxidant effect compared with synthetic antioxidants (BHT, BHA and EDTA). No adverse effects were observed on spleen leukocytes (viability > 98%). Interestingly, J. vernicosa stem bark extract has immunostimulant and antioxidant effects, increasing phagocytosis, respiratory burns activity, and nitric oxide production, as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Additionally, J. vernicosa extract increased pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and suppressed anti-inflammatory IL-10 gene expression upon stimuli and V. parahaemolyticus challenge. Finally, the data confirms that J. vernicosa stem bark extract is non-cytotoxic, rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant effects, capable of enhancing the immune system in leukocytes and with great potential to fight against opportunistic diseases, such as vibriosis in fish.

中文翻译：

---

首次筛选无毒麻风树麻风树皮对长鳍黄尾S江白桦细胞中副溶血性弧菌的免疫和保护作用的报告。

在墨西哥，输注麻风树皮干树皮已被用于许多临床情况的民间医学中，但尚无关于哺乳动物鱼类中该特定麻风树种的报道。在第一份筛选报告中，探讨了水生J. vernicosa茎皮提取物对机会鱼病原体副溶血弧菌的植物化学，抗氧化特性和抗菌特性。为了评估可能存在的水生J. vernicosa茎皮在水产养殖中的应用的细胞毒性和免疫学效果，本研究通过使用Longfin黄尾Seriola rivoliana白细胞对其进行了评估。结果表明，J。vernicosa提取物的植物化学成分富含苯酚，类黄酮，皂苷和香豆素类化合物。羟自由基和超氧阴离子清除活性，铁螯合活性和与亚油酸偶联的β-胡萝卜素漂白的抗氧化能力表明，J。vernicosa提取物与合成抗氧化剂（BHT，BHA和EDTA）相比具有中等的抗氧化作用。没有观察到对脾白细胞的不利影响（生存力> 98％）。有趣的是，J。vernicosa茎皮提取物具有免疫刺激和抗氧化作用，可增强吞噬作用，呼吸灼伤活性和一氧化氮生成，以及超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性。另外，在刺激和副溶血弧菌攻击下，佛手风菌提取物增加促炎细胞因子IL-1β并抑制抗炎IL-10基因表达。最后，数据证实了J. vernicosa茎皮提取物无细胞毒性，