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A triterpenoid Nrf2 activator, RS9, promotes LC3-associated phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments in a p62-independent manner.
Free Radical Biology and Medicine ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-23 , DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.012
Yuichi Saito 1 , Tomohiro Yako 1 , Wataru Otsu 2 , Shinsuke Nakamura 1 , Yuki Inoue 1 , Aomi Muramatsu 1 , Yasuhiro Nakagami 3 , Masamitsu Shimazawa 4 , Hideaki Hara 4
Affiliation  

Daily phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is required to sustain the visual function. Recent reports revealed that POS phagocytosis is progressed with LC3-associated manner. Patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) had impaired autophagic degradation in the RPE. Nrf2 is a key antioxidant transcriptional regulator that ameliorates oxidative stress which is another contributor to AMD pathogenesis. Nrf2 activation also induces the autophagy receptor protein, p62. However, the role of the Nrf2-p62 pathway in LC3-associated phagocytosis of POS is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the relationships between Nrf2 activation and POS phagocytosis progression. A triterpenoid Nrf2 activator, RS9, facilitated POS uptake into phagolysosomes in RPE cells. RS9 also induced the expression of the autophagy-related proteins, LC3-II and p62, as well as phase-2 antioxidant enzymes. The effect of RS9 on POS phagocytosis was abolished by autophagy inhibition. Unexpectedly, p62 knockdown did not inhibit the effect of RS9 on POS phagocytosis, although, RS9-mediated LC3-II induction by RS9 was inhibited in p62 knockdown RPE cells. We also found that RS9 activated the AMPKα-mTOR signaling pathway earlier than p62 induction. Knockdown of AMPKα1, but not α2, inhibited the RS9-mediated activation of LC3-associated phagocytosis and RS9-mediated induction of LC3-II. Furthermore, intravitreal treatment of RS9 to adult mice decreased the size of POS phagolysosomes after light exposure. Collectively, these results showed that RS9-mediated activation of POS phagocytosis was mainly ascribed to the enhancement of autophagy via AMPKα1 activation. Our findings reveal novel effects of Nrf2 and AMPK α1 activation that contribute to the maintenance of the RPE function via LC3-associated POS phagocytosis.

中文翻译:

三萜类 Nrf2 激活剂 RS9 以不依赖 p62 的方式促进 LC3 相关的光感受器外段吞噬作用。

视网膜色素上皮 (RPE) 对脱落的感光器外段 (POS) 的每日吞噬作用是维持视觉功能所必需的。最近的报道显示 POS 吞噬作用以 LC3 相关的方式进行。年龄相关性黄斑变性 (AMD) 患者 RPE 中的自噬降解受损。Nrf2 是一种关键的抗氧化转录调节因子,可改善作为 AMD 发病机制的另一个因素的氧化应激。Nrf2 激活还诱导自噬受体蛋白 p62。然而,人们对 Nrf2-p62 通路在 LC3 相关的 POS 吞噬作用中的作用知之甚少。在这里,我们研究了 Nrf2 激活与 POS 吞噬作用进展之间的关系。三萜类 Nrf2 激活剂 RS9 促进 POS 摄取到 RPE 细胞中的吞噬溶酶体中。RS9 还诱导自噬相关蛋白 LC3-II 和 p62 以及 2 期抗氧化酶的表达。自噬抑制消除了 RS9 对 POS 吞噬作用的影响。出乎意料的是,p62 敲低并没有抑制 RS9 对 POS 吞噬作用的影响,尽管在 p62 敲低的 RPE 细胞中,RS9 介导的 LC3-II 诱导受到抑制。我们还发现 RS9 激活 AMPKα-mTOR 信号通路早于 p62 诱导。AMPKα1(而非α2)的敲低抑制了 RS9 介导的 LC3 相关吞噬作用的激活和 RS9 介导的 LC3-II 诱导。此外,RS9 对成年小鼠的玻璃体内治疗减少了光照后 POS 吞噬溶酶体的大小。集体,这些结果表明,RS9 介导的 POS 吞噬作用的激活主要归因于通过 AMPKα1 激活增强自噬。我们的研究结果揭示了 Nrf2 和 AMPK α1 激活的新作用,它们通过 LC3 相关的 POS 吞噬作用有助于维持 RPE 功能。
更新日期:2020-03-26
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