Abstract One of the key factors affecting progress of renewable energy (RE) in the residential sector in Africa is the unavailability of net-metering systems in many of its member-state countries. Huge battery storage would have to be put in place by individual households owning solar home systems (SHS) to store energy for early morning and night-time use, making the systems not cost-competitive. In this study, a new concept based on “integrated system efficiency (ISE)” has been developed to maximize direct use of electricity from SHS without net-metering. In a case study, real-time power consumption and solar PV electricity generation were monitored for an installed SHS in Ghana. The result showed that, in the absence of net-metering system, sustainable hybrid SHS can be realized if high consumption electrical loads comprising refrigeration systems, water pumping, and washing machines are shifted to daytime use, using ISE. The significant contribution of this study is that, for SHS without net-metering, a new performance parameter called “solar system redundancy factor” is identified as more appropriate indicator for measuring the actual usage of the PV electricity generation. Using the ISE concept developed in this study, the redundancy factor was minimized from 63.2% to 39.8% for the SHS.

中文翻译：

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在没有净计量的国家减少冗余和促进住宅可再生能源的综合系统效率：加纳 SHS 的案例研究

摘要 影响非洲住宅部门可再生能源 (RE) 进展的关键因素之一是其许多成员国无法使用净计量系统。拥有太阳能家庭系统 (SHS) 的个人家庭必须安装巨大的电池存储，以存储能源供清晨和夜间使用，使系统不具有成本竞争力。在这项研究中，开发了一个基于“集成系统效率 (ISE)”的新概念，以最大限度地直接使用来自 SHS 的电力，而无需进行净计量。在一个案例研究中，对加纳安装的 SHS 的实时电力消耗和太阳能光伏发电进行了监测。结果表明，在没有净计量系统的情况下，如果使用 ISE 将包括制冷系统、抽水和洗衣机在内的高消耗电力负载转变为白天使用，则可以实现可持续混合 SHS。本研究的重大贡献在于，对于没有净计量的 SHS，一个名为“太阳能系统冗余系数”的新性能参数被确定为更合适的衡量光伏发电实际使用情况的指标。使用本研究中开发的 ISE 概念，SHS 的冗余系数从 63.2% 降至 39.8%。一个名为“太阳能系统冗余系数”的新性能参数被确定为更适合衡量光伏发电实际使用情况的指标。使用本研究中开发的 ISE 概念，SHS 的冗余系数从 63.2% 降至 39.8%。一个名为“太阳能系统冗余系数”的新性能参数被确定为更适合衡量光伏发电实际使用情况的指标。使用本研究中开发的 ISE 概念，SHS 的冗余系数从 63.2% 降至 39.8%。