Gliomas are complex and heterogeneous brain tumors with poor prognosis. Glioma cells can communicate with their surroundings to create a tumor-permissive microenvironment. Exosomes represent a new means of intercellular communication by delivering various bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and participate in tumor initiation and progression. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNA, long-noncoding RNA, and circular RNA, account for a large portion of human transcriptome and play important roles in various pathophysiological processes, especially in cancers. In addition, ncRNAs can be selectively packaged, secreted and transferred between cells in exosomes and modulate numerous hallmarks of glioma, such as proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, immune-escape, and treatment resistance. Hence, the strategies of specifically targeting exosomal ncRNAs could be attractive therapeutic options. Exosomes are able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), and are readily accessible in nearly all types of human biofluids, which make them the promising biomarkers for gliomas. Additionally, given the biocompatibility of exosomes, they can be engineered to deliver therapeutic factors, such as RNA, proteins and drugs, to target cells for therapeutic applications. Here, we reviewed current research on the roles of exosomal ncRNAs in glioma progression. We also discussed their potential clinical applications as novel biomarkers and therapeutics.

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胶质瘤中的外体非编码RNA：生物学功能和潜在的临床应用

脑胶质瘤是复杂且异质的脑肿瘤，预后较差。胶质瘤细胞可以与其周围环境进行通讯，从而创造出允许肿瘤的微环境。外来体通过传递各种生物活性分子（包括蛋白质，脂质和核酸）代表细胞间通讯的一种新手段，并参与肿瘤的发生和发展。非编码RNA（ncRNA）包括microRNA，长非编码RNA和环状RNA，占人类转录组的很大一部分，并在各种病理生理过程中发挥重要作用，尤其是在癌症中。另外，ncRNA可以在外来体中的细胞之间选择性地包装，分泌和转移，并调节神经胶质瘤的许多标志，例如增殖，侵袭，血管生成，免疫逃逸和治疗抵抗力。因此，特异性靶向外泌体ncRNA的策略可能是有吸引力的治疗选择。外来体能够穿过血脑屏障（BBB），并且在几乎所有类型的人类生物流体中均可轻易获得，这使它们成为神经胶质瘤的有前途的生物标记。另外，考虑到外泌体的生物相容性，可以将它们改造为将治疗因子（例如RNA，蛋白质和药物）传递到靶细胞以进行治疗。在这里，我们回顾了目前有关外泌体ncRNA在神经胶质瘤进展中的作用的研究。我们还讨论了它们作为新型生物标志物和治疗剂的潜在临床应用。这使它们成为神经胶质瘤的有前途的生物标志物。另外，考虑到外泌体的生物相容性，可以将它们改造为将治疗因子（例如RNA，蛋白质和药物）传递到靶细胞以进行治疗。在这里，我们回顾了目前有关外泌体ncRNA在神经胶质瘤进展中的作用的研究。我们还讨论了它们作为新型生物标志物和治疗剂的潜在临床应用。这使它们成为神经胶质瘤的有前途的生物标志物。另外，考虑到外泌体的生物相容性，可以将它们改造为将治疗因子（例如RNA，蛋白质和药物）传递到靶细胞以进行治疗。在这里，我们回顾了目前有关外泌体ncRNA在神经胶质瘤进展中的作用的研究。我们还讨论了它们作为新型生物标志物和治疗剂的潜在临床应用。