Evolutionary adaptations of temporo-parietal cortex are considered to be a critical specialization of the human brain. Cortical adaptations, however, can affect different aspects of brain architecture, including local expansion of the cortical sheet or changes in connectivity between cortical areas. We distinguish different types of changes in brain architecture using a computational neuroanatomy approach. We investigate the extent to which between-species alignment, based on cortical myelin, can predict changes in connectivity patterns across macaque, chimpanzee, and human. We show that expansion and relocation of brain areas can predict terminations of several white matter tracts in temporo-parietal cortex, including the middle and superior longitudinal fasciculus, but not the arcuate fasciculus. This demonstrates that the arcuate fasciculus underwent additional evolutionary modifications affecting the temporal lobe connectivity pattern. This approach can flexibly be extended to include other features of cortical organization and other species, allowing direct tests of comparative hypotheses of brain organization.

中文翻译：

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跨物种的皮层排列可识别灵长类颞叶中不同类型的解剖结构

颞顶皮层的进化适应被认为是人脑的关键专业化。然而，皮质适应可能会影响大脑结构的不同方面，包括皮质表层的局部扩张或皮质区域之间的连通性变化。我们使用计算神经解剖学方法区分大脑结构的不同类型的变化。我们调查了基于皮质髓磷脂的种间比对可以预测猕猴，黑猩猩和人类之间连通性模式变化的程度。我们显示脑区域的扩展和重新定位可以预测颞顶叶皮层中几个白质束的终止，包括中纵纵束，而不是弓状束。这表明弓形束进行了额外的进化修饰，影响了颞叶的连通性。这种方法可以灵活扩展到包括皮质组织和其他物种的其他特征，从而可以直接检验大脑组织的比较假设。