We present an overview of hybrid Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget (FFG): a Proof-of-Stake checkpointing protocol overlaid onto Ethereum's Proof-of-Work blockchain. We describe its core functionalities and reward scheme, and explore its properties. Our findings indicate that Casper's implemented incentives mechanism ensures liveness, while providing safety guarantees that improve over standard Proof-of-Work protocols. Based on a minimal-impact implementation of the protocol as a smart contract on the blockchain, we discuss additional issues related to parametrisation, funding, throughput and network overhead and detect potential limitations.

中文翻译：

---

以太坊混合 Casper 协议的激励措施

我们概述了混合 Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget (FFG)：一种覆盖在以太坊工作量证明区块链上的权益证明检查点协议。我们描述了它的核心功能和奖励方案，并探索了它的特性。我们的研究结果表明，Casper 实施的激励机制确保了活跃度，同时提供了改进标准工作量证明协议的安全保证。基于该协议作为区块链上的智能合约的最小影响实现，我们讨论了与参数化、资金、吞吐量和网络开销相关的其他问题，并检测了潜在的限制。