The composition of an atmosphere has integrated the geological history of the entire planetary body. However, the long-term evolutions of the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets are not well documented. For Earth, there were until recently only few direct records of atmosphere’s composition in the distant past, and insights came mainly from geochemical or physical proxies and/or from atmospheric models pushed back in time. Here we review innovative approaches on new terrestrial samples that led to the determination of the elemental and isotopic compositions of key geochemical tracers, namely noble gases and nitrogen. Such approaches allowed one to investigate the atmosphere’s evolution through geological period of time, and to set stringent constraints on the past atmospheric pressure and on the salinity of the Archean oceans. For Mars, we review the current state of knowledge obtained from analyses of Martian meteorites, and from the direct measurements of the composition of the present-day atmosphere by rovers and spacecrafts. Based on these measurements, we explore divergent models of the Martian and Terrestrial atmospheric evolutions. For Venus, only little is known, evidencing the critical need for dedicated missions.

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从地球、火星和金星上的稀有气体和氮同位素对大气演化的看法

大气的成分整合了整个行星体的地质历史。然而，类地行星大气的长期演变并没有得到很好的记录。对于地球来说，直到最近，关于遥远过去大气成分的直接记录很少，而洞察力主要来自地球化学或物理代理和/或时间推后的大气模型。在这里，我们回顾了用于确定关键地球化学示踪剂（即惰性气体和氮气）的元素和同位素组成的新陆地样本的创新方法。这种方法允许人们研究地质时期大气的演变，并对过去的大气压力和太古代海洋的盐度设置严格的限制。对于火星，我们回顾了从火星陨石的分析中获得的知识现状，以及从漫游车和航天器对当今大气成分的直接测量中获得的知识。基于这些测量，我们探索了火星和陆地大气演化的不同模型。对于金星，我们所知甚少，这证明了对专门任务的迫切需求。