Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which comprises ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is an immune-mediated, chronic-relapsing, disabling disorder which is associated with increased mortality and poor patients' quality of life. Patients with IBD are at increased risk of infections for many reasons. In fact, IBD often requires a lifelong immunosuppressive and/or biologic therapy, both commonly associated with respiratory and opportunistic infections, but also gastrointestinal, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. Moreover, impaired spleen function has been found in a considerable proportion of IBD patients, further increasing the risk of developing infections sustained by encapsulated bacteria, such as S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and N. meningitidis. Finally, comorbidities and surgery represent additional risk factors for these patients. Despite the availability of vaccinations against the most common serotypes of encapsulated bacteria, uncertainties still exist regarding a proper vaccination strategy and the actual effectiveness of vaccinations in this particular setting. Aim of this narrative review is to focus on the broad topic of vaccinations against encapsulated bacteria in IBD patients, discussing the clinical impact of infections, predisposing factors, vaccinations strategies, and unmet research and clinical needs.

炎症性肠病（IBD）包括溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩氏病，是一种免疫介导的慢性复发性致残性疾病，与死亡率增加和患者生活质量下降有关。IBD患者的感染风险有很多原因。实际上，IBD通常需要终生的免疫抑制和/或生物疗法，通常与呼吸道和机会性感染有关，也与胃肠道，泌尿道感染和败血症有关。此外，在相当一部分的IBD患者中发现脾功能受损，这进一步增加了被包埋细菌如细菌引起的感染的风险。肺炎链球菌，流感嗜血杆菌和 脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌。最后，合并症和手术是这些患者的其他危险因素。尽管可以针对最常见的包囊细菌血清型进行疫苗接种，但在这种特定环境下，正确的疫苗接种策略和疫苗的实际有效性仍然存在不确定性。本篇综述的目的是针对IBD患者中针对包膜细菌的疫苗接种这一广泛主题，讨论感染的临床影响，诱发因素，疫苗接种策略以及未得到满足的研究和临床需求。