Mitochondria are cellular organelles that orchestrate a vast range of biological processes, from energy production and metabolism to cell death and inflammation. Despite this seemingly symbiotic relationship, mitochondria harbour within them a potent agonist of innate immunity: their own genome. Release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytoplasm and out into the extracellular milieu activates a plethora of different pattern recognition receptors and innate immune responses, including cGAS-STING, TLR9 and inflammasome formation leading to, among others, robust type I interferon responses. In this Review, we discuss how mtDNA can be released from the mitochondria, the various inflammatory pathways triggered by mtDNA release and its myriad biological consequences for health and disease.

中文翻译：

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线粒体DNA具有炎症和免疫力。

线粒体是细胞器，可协调从能量产生和代谢到细胞死亡和炎症的各种生物过程。尽管存在这种看似共生的关系，但线粒体仍在其中蕴藏着强大的先天免疫激动剂：自身的基因组。线粒体DNA释放到细胞质中并释放到细胞外环境中会激活大量不同的模式识别受体和先天性免疫应答，包括cGAS-STING，TLR9和炎症小体形成，导致强烈的I型干扰素应答。在本综述中，我们讨论了如何从线粒体中释放线粒体DNA，由线粒体DNA释放触发的各种炎症途径及其对健康和疾病的多种生物学后果。