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Exact solutions for ground effect
Journal of Fluid Mechanics ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-23 , DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2020.149
Peter J. Baddoo , Melike Kurt , Lorna J. Ayton , Keith W. Moored

"Ground effect" refers to the enhanced performance enjoyed by fliers or swimmers operating close to the ground. We derive a number of exact solutions for this phenomenon, thereby elucidating the underlying physical mechanisms involved in ground effect. Unlike previous analytic studies, our solutions are not restricted to particular parameter regimes such as "weak" or "extreme" ground effect, and do not even require thin aerofoil theory. Moreover, the solutions are valid for a hitherto intractable range of flow phenomena including point vortices, uniform and straining flows, unsteady motions of the wing, and the Kutta condition. We model the ground effect as the potential flow past a wing inclined above a flat wall. The solution of the model requires two steps: firstly, a coordinate transformation between the physical domain and a concentric annulus, and secondly, the solution of the potential flow problem inside the annulus. We show that both steps can be solved by introducing a new special function which is straightforward to compute. Moreover, the ensuing solutions are simple to express and offer new insight into the mathematical structure of ground effect. In order to identify the missing physics in our potential flow model, we compare our solutions against new experimental data. The experiments show that boundary layer separation on the wing and wall occurs at small angles of attack, and we suggest ways in which our model could be extended to account for these effects.

中文翻译:

地面效应的精确解决方案

“地面效应”是指飞行者或游泳者靠近地面操作时所享受的增强性能。我们为这种现象推导出了许多精确的解决方案,从而阐明了地面效应中涉及的潜在物理机制。与以前的分析研究不同,我们的解决方案不限于特定的参数范围,例如“弱”或“极端”地面效应,甚至不需要薄翼型理论。此外,这些解决方案适用于迄今为止难以解决的一系列流动现象,包括点涡流、均匀和应变流、机翼的不稳定运动和库塔条件。我们将地面效应建模为流过平壁上方倾斜的机翼的势流。模型的求解需要两个步骤:首先,物理域与同心环面之间的坐标变换,其次是环面内势流问题的求解。我们表明,这两个步骤都可以通过引入一个易于计算的新特殊函数来解决。此外,随后的解决方案易于表达,并提供了对地面效应数学结构的新见解。为了识别潜在流模型中缺失的物理场,我们将我们的解决方案与新的实验数据进行了比较。实验表明,机翼和壁上的边界层分离发生在小攻角处,我们建议扩展我们的模型以解决这些影响的方法。我们表明,这两个步骤都可以通过引入一个易于计算的新特殊函数来解决。此外,随后的解决方案易于表达,并提供了对地面效应数学结构的新见解。为了识别潜在流模型中缺失的物理场,我们将我们的解决方案与新的实验数据进行了比较。实验表明,机翼和壁上的边界层分离发生在小攻角处,我们建议扩展我们的模型以解决这些影响的方法。我们表明,这两个步骤都可以通过引入一个易于计算的新特殊函数来解决。此外,随后的解决方案易于表达,并提供了对地面效应数学结构的新见解。为了识别潜在流模型中缺失的物理场,我们将我们的解决方案与新的实验数据进行了比较。实验表明,机翼和壁上的边界层分离发生在小攻角处,我们建议扩展我们的模型以解决这些影响的方法。我们将我们的解决方案与新的实验数据进行比较。实验表明,机翼和壁上的边界层分离发生在小攻角处,我们建议扩展我们的模型以解决这些影响的方法。我们将我们的解决方案与新的实验数据进行比较。实验表明,机翼和壁上的边界层分离发生在小攻角处,我们建议扩展我们的模型以解决这些影响的方法。
更新日期:2020-03-23
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