Here, we demonstrated the fabrication of a composite scaffold (chitosan [CS], collagen [Col], and hydroxyapatite [HA]) with the incorporation of encapsulated Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) extract for tissue engineering applications. First, the crude extract of CQ loaded nanoparticles were synthesized via double emulsion technique using polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as oil and aqueous phases, respectively. Both PCL (20, 40, and 80 mg/mL) and PVA (0.5%, 1%, and 3% w/v) concentrations were varied to determine the optimum concentrations for CQ‐loaded nanoparticle preparation. The CQ‐loaded PCL nanoparticles (CQ‐PCL NPs), prepared with 20 mg/mL PCL and 0.5% (w/v) PVA, exhibited the smallest size of 334.22 ± 43.21 nm with 95.54 ± 1.49% encapsulation efficiency. Then, the CQ‐PCL NPs were incorporated into the CS/Col/HA scaffolds. These scaffolds were also studied for their ultrastructure, pore sizes, chemical composition, compressive modulus, water swelling, weight loss, and biocompatibility. The results showed that the addition of CQ‐PCL NPs into the scaffolds did not dramatically alter the ultrastructure and properties of the scaffolds, compared to CS/Col/HA scaffolds alone. However, incorporation of CQ‐PCL NPs in the scaffolds improved the release profile of CQ by preventing the initial burst release and prolonging the release rate of CQ. In addition, the CQ‐PCL NPs‐loaded CS/Col/HA scaffolds supported the attachment and proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 osteoblast cells.

中文翻译：

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包囊化的Cissus quadrangularis提取物制备壳聚糖/胶原蛋白/羟基磷灰石支架

在这里，我们展示了结合包囊的Cissus quadrangularis制备复合支架（壳聚糖[CS]，胶原蛋白[Col]和羟基磷灰石[HA]）的过程（CQ）提取物，用于组织工程应用。首先，通过双乳液技术分别使用聚己内酯（PCL）和聚乙烯醇（PVA）作为油相和水相，合成了载有CQ的纳米颗粒的粗提物。改变PCL（20、40和80 mg / mL）和PVA（0.5％，1％和3％w / v）的浓度，以确定装载CQ的纳米颗粒制备的最佳浓度。用20 mg / mL PCL和0.5％（w / v）PVA制备的载有CQ的PCL纳米颗粒（CQ-PCL NP）的最小尺寸为334.22±43.21 nm，封装效率为95.54±1.49％。然后，将CQ-PCL NP整合到CS / Col / HA支架中。还研究了这些支架的超微结构，孔径，化学组成，压缩模量，水溶胀，重量减轻和生物相容性。结果表明，与单独使用CS / Col / HA支架相比，向支架中添加CQ-PCL NP不会显着改变支架的超微结构和性能。但是，在支架中掺入CQ-PCL NP可以防止初始爆发释放并延长CQ的释放速率，从而改善了CQ的释放特性。此外，CQ-PCL NPs负载的CS / Col / HA支架支持MC3T3-E1成骨细胞的附着和增殖。