The rice–wheat cropping system being the backbone of food security in South-Asia has resulted in soil health deterioration, declining water table, and air pollution affecting livability index of the region. The effect of rice residue retention (RRR), irrigation levels and foliar application of K on wheat grain yield (GY), water use efficiency (WUE) and profitability was tested over three years. RRR increased wheat GY (5224 kg ha⁻¹), above-ground biomass (AGBM = 11.9 t ha⁻¹), tillers per square meter (TPM = 469) and grains per meter square (GrPMS = 13,917) significantly. Relative water content (RWC = 93.8) and WUE (2.45 k gm⁻³) were also increased significantly by RRR. Consequently, profitability (Net return = 624.4 $ and Benefit to cost (B:C) ratio) was enhanced. Foliar application of K enhanced GY (5151 kg ha⁻¹), AGBM (12 t ha⁻¹), RWC (94.1), SPAD (52.2), WUE (2.40 kg m⁻³), net returns (625.2 $) and BC ratio (1.62) significantly. RRR increased GY (15.66%) and WUE (17.39%) with additional revenue of 151 $ with only one irrigation at the CRI stage (ICS). RRR adopted over 10% of the area can earn 187 million-US$ annually. RRR if adopted over existing practice on a large area would reduce environmental degradation with an enhanced income to small and marginal farmers.

中文翻译：

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印度西北部水稻残渣保留和叶面施用钾对小麦水分生产率和盈利能力的影响

稻麦系统是南亚粮食安全的基础，已导致土壤健康恶化，地下水位下降以及空气污染影响了该地区的宜居性指数。在三年中测试了稻米残留量（RRR），灌溉水平和钾肥对小麦籽粒产量（GY），水分利用效率（WUE）和获利能力的影响。RR显着提高了小麦GY（5224 kg ha ^-1），地上生物量（AGBM = 11.9 t ha ^-1），每平方米的分ers（TPM = 469）和每平方米的谷物（GrPMS = 13,917）。相对含水量（RWC = 93.8）和WUE（2.45 k gm ^-3）也显着增加了存款准备金率。因此，提高了盈利能力（净回报= 624.4美元，成本效益比（B：C））。叶面喷施钾肥增强GY（5151 kg ha ^-1），AGBM（12 t ha ^-1），RWC（94.1），SPAD（52.2），WUE（2.40 kg m ^-3），净收益（625.2 $）和BC比（1.62）显着。在CRI阶段仅一次灌溉，RRR增加了GY（15.66％）和WUE（17.39％），增加了151美元的收入。在该地区10％以上采用的存款准备金每年可赚1.87亿美元。如果在大面积现有做法上采用存款准备金率，将减少环境恶化，并为小规模和边际农民增加收入。