Recent high-throughput sequencing revealed that only 2% of the transcribed human genome codes for proteins, while the majority of transcriptional products are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding ncRNAs, both host- and virus-derived, and their role in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. RSV is known as the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, while hMPV is also a significant contributor to LRTI in the pediatrics population. Although RSV and hMPV are close members, belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, they induce distinct changes in the ncRNA profile. Several types of host ncRNAs, including long ncRNA (lncRNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), and transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived RNA fragments (tRFs), are involved as playing roles in RSV and/or hMPV infection. Given the importance of ncRNAs in regulating the expression and functions of genes and proteins, comprehensively understanding the roles of ncRNAs in RSV/hMPV infection could shed light upon the disease mechanisms of RSV and hMPV, potentially providing insights into the development of prevention strategies and antiviral therapy. The presence of viral-derived RNAs and the potential of using ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers are also discussed in this review.

中文翻译：

---

非编码RNA及其在呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）和人间质肺病毒（hMPV）感染中的作用。

最近的高通量测序表明，转录的人类基因组中只有2％编码蛋白质，而大多数转录产物是非编码RNA（ncRNA）。本文中，我们回顾了有关宿主和病毒来源的ncRNA及其在呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）和人间质肺病毒（hMPV）感染中的作用的当前知识。RSV是儿童下呼吸道感染（LRTI）的最常见原因，而hMPV还是儿科人群LRTI的重要贡献者。尽管RSV和hMPV是近亲，属于肺炎科（Pneumoviridae），但它们会引起ncRNA图谱的明显变化。几种类型的宿主ncRNA，包括长ncRNA（lncRNA），microRNA（miRNA）和转移RNA（tRNA）衍生的RNA片段（tRF），参与在RSV和/或hMPV感染中发挥作用。鉴于ncRNA在调节基因和蛋白质表达及功能中的重要性，全面了解ncRNA在RSV / hMPV感染中的作用可以阐明RSV和hMPV的发病机制，从而可能为预防策略和抗病毒药物的开发提供见解治疗。这篇综述还讨论了病毒来源的RNA的存在以及使用ncRNA作为诊断生物标志物的潜力。可能为预防策略和抗病毒治疗的发展提供见识。这篇综述还讨论了病毒来源的RNA的存在以及使用ncRNA作为诊断生物标志物的潜力。可能为预防策略和抗病毒治疗的发展提供见识。这篇综述还讨论了病毒来源的RNA的存在以及使用ncRNA作为诊断生物标志物的潜力。