Over the last few years, the dramatic growth in video demand has inspired the service providers (e.g., Netflix and YouTube) to swing towards HTTP based Dynamic Adaptive Streaming (DASH). However, sustaining the adequate bandwidth claims over this rapid growth in multimedia content becomes a significant challenge for network operators. Considering the effectiveness of the next generation future Internet architecture, i.e., Name Data Networking (NDN), recently DASH over NDN is implemented. The fundamental characteristics of NDN, such as efficient content distribution and low bandwidth requirements, significantly increase the bandwidth utilization, which ensures the smooth delivery of multimedia content. However, we discovered that the above characteristics of NDN also opens the door for new vulnerabilities.

In this paper, first we propose a new attack termed as “Bitrate Oscillation Attack” (BOA), which disrupt the functionality of DASH protocol over NDN by exploiting its two key features called in-network caching and interest aggregation. In particular, BOA forces the DASH streaming system running at the honest client to oscillate in various video resolutions with high frequency and amplitude, within a single video session. Second, to mitigate the BOA, we design and implement a proactive countermeasure called “NC based DAS-NDN”. Our solution efficiently enables the network coding to DAS multimedia content and within NDN architecture. Thus, without any coordination between the network nodes reduces bitrate oscillations in the presence of BOA and NDN’s inherent content source variations. The performance evaluation performed on different target scenarios proves the effectiveness of our proposed attack, and the results also show the correctness of our proposed corresponding countermeasure. In particular, the result analysis shows that BOA increases the annoyance factor in spatial dimension of end-user, and our countermeasure greatly reduces the adverse effects of BOA and also make DAS friendly to NDN’s inherent features.

在过去的几年中，视频需求的急剧增长激发了服务提供商（例如Netflix和YouTube）转向基于HTTP的动态自适应流（DASH）。然而，对于多媒体内容的这种快速增长，维持足够的带宽要求已成为网络运营商的重大挑战。考虑到下一代未来Internet体系结构（即名称数据网络（NDN））的有效性，最近实现了基于NDN的DASH。NDN的基本特征（例如有效的内容分发和低带宽要求）显着提高了带宽利用率，从而确保了多媒体内容的顺利交付。但是，我们发现NDN的上述特征也为新漏洞打开了大门。

在本文中，首先，我们提出了一种称为“比特率振荡攻击”（BOA）的新攻击，该攻击通过利用其在网络内缓存和兴趣聚集的两个关键功能破坏了NASH上DASH协议的功能。。特别是，BOA强制在诚实客户端运行的DASH流系统在单个视频会话中以高频率和高振幅振荡各种视频分辨率。其次，为减轻BOA，我们设计并实施了一种主动对策，称为“基于NC的DAS-NDN”。我们的解决方案可以在NDN架构内有效地对DAS多媒体内容进行网络编码。因此，在存在BOA和NDN固有内容源变化的情况下，网络节点之间无需任何协调，可减少比特率振荡。在不同目标场景下进行的性能评估证明了我们提出的攻击的有效性，结果还表明了我们提出的相应对策的正确性。尤其是，