BACKGROUND AND AIMS Emerging evidence suggests that solitary drinking may be an important early risk marker for alcohol use disorder. The current paper is the first meta-analysis and systematic review on adolescent and young adult solitary drinking to examine associations between solitary drinking and increased alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, and drinking to cope motives. METHODS PsychINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched using the PRISMA methodology and a pre-registered PROSPERO protocol (#CRD42020143449). Data from self-report questionnaires regarding negative correlates of solitary drinking (e.g., alcohol problems) and solitary drinking motives (e.g., drinking to cope) were pooled across studies using random effects models. Studies included adolescents (ages 12-18) and young adults (mean age between 18-30 or samples with the majority of participants age 30 or younger). RESULTS Meta-analytic results from 21 unique samples including 28,372 participants showed significant effects for the associations between solitary drinking and the following factors: increased alcohol consumption, r=0.23, 95%CI [0.13,0.33]; drinking problems, r=0.23, 95%CI [0.13,0.32]; negative affect, r=0.21, 95%CI [0.16,0.26]; social discomfort, r=0.17, 95%CI [0.06,0.27]; negative reinforcement, r=0.28, 95%CI [0.24,0.31]; and positive reinforcement, r=0.10, 95%CI [0.03, 0.17]. These associations were not moderated by age group (i.e., adolescent versus young adult), study quality, or differing solitary drinking definitions. Accounting for publication bias increased the effect sizes from r=0.23 to 0.34 for alcohol consumption and from r=0.23 to 0.30 for drinking problems, and lowered it from r=0.10 to 0.06, and r=0.17 to 0.11, for positive reinforcement and social discomfort, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Solitary drinking among adolescents and young adults appears to be associated with psychosocial/alcohol problems and drinking to cope motives.

中文翻译：

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青少年和年轻人单独饮酒与饮酒增加、酒精问题和饮酒应对动机之间的关联：系统评价和荟萃分析

背景和目的 新出现的证据表明，单独饮酒可能是酒精使用障碍的重要早期风险标志。目前的论文是第一篇关于青少年和年轻成人单独饮酒的荟萃分析和系统评价，以研究单独饮酒与酒精消费增加、酒精问题和饮酒应对动机之间的关联。方法使用 PRISMA 方法和预先注册的 PROSPERO 协议 (#CRD42020143449) 搜索 PsychINFO、PubMed 和 Google Scholar。使用随机效应模型将来自自我报告问卷的关于单独饮酒（例如，酒精问题）和单独饮酒动机（例如，饮酒以应对）的负相关关系的数据汇总到各个研究中。研究包括青少年（12-18 岁）和年轻人（平均年龄在 18-30 岁之间或大多数参与者年龄在 30 岁或以下的样本）。结果 包括 28,372 名参与者在内的 21 个独特样本的荟萃分析结果显示，单独饮酒与以下因素之间的关联具有显着影响：饮酒量增加，r=0.23，95%CI [0.13,0.33]；饮酒问题，r=0.23，95%CI [0.13,0.32]；负面影响，r=0.21，95%CI [0.16,0.26]；社交不适，r=0.17，95%CI [0.06,0.27]；负强化，r=0.28，95%CI [0.24,0.31]；和正强化，r=0.10, 95% CI [0.03, 0.17]。这些关联不受年龄组（即青少年与年轻成人）、研究质量或不同的单独饮酒定义的影响。考虑到发表偏倚，效应量从 r=0.23 增加到 0。34 酒精消费和从 r=0.23 到 0.30 饮酒问题，并将其从 r=0.10 降低到 0.06 和 r=0.17 到 0.11，分别用于正强化和社交不适。结论 青少年和年轻人单独饮酒似乎与社会心理/酒精问题和饮酒应对动机有关。