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Experimental shifts in exotic flowering phenology produce strong indirect effects on native plant reproductive success
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-20 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13392 Susan M. Waters 1 , Wei‐Ling C. Chen 1 , Janneke Hille Ris Lambers 1
中文翻译：
外来开花物候的实验转变对本地植物繁殖成功产生强烈的间接影响
更新日期：2020-03-20
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-20 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13392 Susan M. Waters 1 , Wei‐Ling C. Chen 1 , Janneke Hille Ris Lambers 1
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- By causing phenological shifts that vary among species, climate change is altering time envelopes for species interactions, often with unexpected demographic consequences. Indirect interactions, like apparent competition and apparent facilitation, are especially likely to change in duration because they involve multiple interactors, increasing the likelihood of asynchronous phenological shifts by at least one interactor. Thus, we might observe ecological surprises if intermediaries of indirectly interacting species change their mediating behaviour.
- We explored this possibility in a plant–pollinator community that is likely to experience asynchronous phenological shifts. We advanced and delayed the flowering phenology of two ubiquitous exotic plants of western Washington prairies, Hypochaeris radicata and Cytisus scoparius, relative to seven native perennial forb species whose phenologies remained unmanipulated. These species interact indirectly through shared pollinators, whose foraging behaviour influences plant reproductive success. We quantified impacts of experimental phenological shifts on seedset, pollinator visitation rates and visiting pollinator composition relative to an unmanipulated control. We first verified that unmanipulated indirect interactions between native and exotic plants were strong, ranging from facilitative to competitive.
- Seedset of native plants was strongly affected by changes in exotic flowering phenology, but the magnitude and direction of effects were not predicted by the nature of the original indirect interaction (facilitative vs. neutral vs. competitive) or the change in interaction duration. The relationship between pollinator visitation and seedset changed for most species, though changes in pollinator visitation rate and pollinator composition were not as widespread as effects on native seedset.
- Synthesis. Changes in pollinator foraging behaviour in response to changes in available floral resources are probably responsible for the unexpected effects we observed. Asynchronous phenological shifts have the potential to produce large and unexpected effects on reproductive success via indirect interactions.
中文翻译：
外来开花物候的实验转变对本地植物繁殖成功产生强烈的间接影响
- 通过引起物种之间的物候变化，气候变化正在改变物种相互作用的时间范围，通常会带来意想不到的人口统计学后果。间接的交互，例如明显的竞争和明显的促进，很可能会更改持续时间，因为它们涉及多个交互因素，从而增加了至少一个交互因素进行异步物候变化的可能性。因此，如果间接相互作用物种的中介机构改变其中介行为，我们可能会发现生态上的意外。
- 我们在可能发生异步物候变化的植物授粉者社区中探索了这种可能性。我们推进和推迟了华盛顿西部大草原上两种普遍存在的外来植物的开花物候，它们分别是：辐射po和Cy蛇，相对于7种未受物候控制的本地多年生福布树物种。这些物种通过共享的传粉媒介间接相互作用，其觅食行为影响植物繁殖成功。我们量化了实验物候变化对种子集，传粉者探视率和传粉者组成的影响（相对于未操纵的对照）。我们首先验证了本地植物与外来植物之间未经操纵的间接相互作用很强，从促进性到竞争性。
- 本地植物的种子集受到异国开花物候变化的强烈影响，但影响的程度和方向并不能通过原始间接相互作用的性质（促进性，中性性和竞争性）或相互作用持续时间的变化来预测。传粉者访视和种子集之间的关系在大多数物种中都发生了变化，尽管传粉者访视率和传粉者组成的变化并不像对原生种子集的影响那样广泛。
- 综合。授粉媒介觅食行为的变化，以响应可用花卉资源的变化，可能是我们观察到的意外影响的原因。异步物候变化有可能通过间接相互作用对生殖成功产生巨大而出乎意料的影响。
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