Abstract

The effect of risk aversion on farmer certification to standards is analysed by considering an industrial organisation model of differentiated exchange of high- and low-quality products between farmers, intermediaries and consumers. In the presence of uncertainty over the proportion of their produce that will be rejected by consumers, a relatively risk-averse population of farmers in an export enclave will tend to adopt a high-quality standard in greater numbers. When some producers export and some produce for domestic markets, however, relatively risk-averse farmers find the low-quality standard most appealing. The relationship between risk and standard adoption is affected by market conditions including the rejection rates of produce, profit margins and the extent of demand differentiation between the two varieties.

中文翻译：

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私人标准和生产者风险：分析发展影响的框架**

摘要

通过考虑农民，中介机构和消费者之间高质量和劣质产品的有区别交换的产业组织模型，分析了规避风险对农民认证的影响。如果存在无法确定的被消费者拒绝的产品比例的不确定性，那么在出口飞地中相对规避风险的农民将倾向于采用更高质量的标准。但是，当一些生产商出口产品而另一些产品向国内市场出口时，相对规避风险的农民会发现低质量标准最具吸引力。风险与采用标准之间的关系受市场条件的影响，包括产品的废品率，利润率和两个品种之间需求差异的程度。