This study is focused on the effects of spatial discounting and substitute sites on the demand for ecosystem services (ES) provided by scattered agroecosystems. New ways of modelling these two effects are proposed, relying on area-based and density-based indexes. Data from discrete choice experiments are used, based on a case study of Andalusian olive groves (southern Spain). The results show that model fit is significantly improved by the introduction of these spatial indexes, with the best outcome found for the area-based index combined with the inverse of the distance. Results provide evidence of substantial spatial heterogeneity depending on the ES (carbon sequestration, soil conservation and biodiversity), indicating different economic jurisdictions.

中文翻译：

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使用替代指数方法对地处稀疏的生态系统服务需求进行空间分析

本研究的重点是空间折扣和替代地点对分散的农业生态系统提供的生态系统服务 (ES) 需求的影响。提出了对这两种效应进行建模的新方法，依赖于基于面积和基于密度的指数。根据对安达卢西亚橄榄园（西班牙南部）的案例研究，使用了离散选择实验的数据。结果表明，通过引入这些空间指数，模型拟合得到了显着改善，其中基于面积的指数与距离的倒数相结合的结果最佳。结果提供了大量空间异质性的证据，这取决于 ES（碳固存、土壤保持和生物多样性），表明不同的经济管辖范围。