ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries.,Translational Psychiatry

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ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries.
Translational Psychiatry ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-20 , DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0705-1
Paul M Thompson ₁ , Neda Jahanshad ₁ , Christopher R K Ching ₁ , Lauren E Salminen ₁ , Sophia I Thomopoulos ₁ , Joanna Bright ₁ , Bernhard T Baune _{2,

3,

4} , Sara Bertolín ₅ , Janita Bralten _{6,

7} , Willem B Bruin ₈ , Robin Bülow ₉ , Jian Chen ₁₀ , Yann Chye ₁₁ , Udo Dannlowski ₂ , Carolien G F de Kovel _{12,

13} , Gary Donohoe ₁₄ , Lisa T Eyler _{15,

16} , Stephen V Faraone ₁₇ , Pauline Favre _{18,

19} , Courtney A Filippi ₂₀ , Thomas Frodl _{21,

22,

23} , Daniel Garijo ₂₄ , Yolanda Gil _{24,

25} , Hans J Grabe _{26,

27} , Katrina L Grasby ₂₈ , Tomas Hajek _{29,

30} , Laura K M Han ₃₁ , Sean N Hatton _{32,

33} , Kevin Hilbert ₃₄ , Tiffany C Ho _{35,

36} , Laurena Holleran ₁₄ , Georg Homuth ₃₇ , Norbert Hosten ₉ , Josselin Houenou _{18,

19,

38} , Iliyan Ivanov ₃₉ , Tianye Jia _{40,

41,

42} , Sinead Kelly _{43,

44} , Marieke Klein _{6,

7,

45} , Jun Soo Kwon _{46,

47} , Max A Laansma ₄₈ , Jeanne Leerssen ₄₉ , Ulrike Lueken ₃₄ , Abraham Nunes _{29,

50} , Joseph O' Neill ₅₁ , Nils Opel ₂ , Fabrizio Piras ₅₂ , Federica Piras ₅₂ , Merel C Postema ₁₃ , Elena Pozzi _{53,

54} , Natalia Shatokhina ₁ , Carles Soriano-Mas _{5,

55,

56} , Gianfranco Spalletta _{52,

57} , Daqiang Sun _{58,

59} , Alexander Teumer ₆₀ , Amanda K Tilot ₁ , Leonardo Tozzi ₃₅ , Celia van der Merwe _{61,

62} , Eus J W Van Someren _{49,

63} , Guido A van Wingen ₈ , Henry Völzke _{60,

64} , Esther Walton ₆₅ , Lei Wang _{66,

67} , Anderson M Winkler ₂₀ , Katharina Wittfeld _{26,

27} , Margaret J Wright _{68,

69} , Je-Yeon Yun _{70,

71} , Guohao Zhang ₇₂ , Yanli Zhang-James _{17,

73} , Bhim M Adhikari ₇₄ , Ingrid Agartz _{75,

76,

77} , Moji Aghajani _{78,

79} , André Aleman ₈₀ , Robert R Althoff ₈₁ , Andre Altmann ₈₂ , Ole A Andreassen _{75,

83} , David A Baron ₈₄ , Brenda L Bartnik-Olson ₈₅ , Janna Marie Bas-Hoogendam _{86,

87,

88} , Arielle R Baskin-Sommers ₈₉ , Carrie E Bearden _{58,

90} , Laura A Berner ₃₉ , Premika S W Boedhoe ₇₈ , Rachel M Brouwer ₄₅ , Jan K Buitelaar ₉₁ , Karen Caeyenberghs ₉₂ , Charlotte A M Cecil _{93,

94} , Ronald A Cohen _{95,

96} , James H Cole _{97,

98} , Patricia J Conrod ₉₉ , Stephane A De Brito ₁₀₀ , Sonja M C de Zwarte ₄₅ , Emily L Dennis _{1,

101,

102} , Sylvane Desrivieres ₁₀₃ , Danai Dima _{104,

105} , Stefan Ehrlich ₁₀₆ , Carrie Esopenko ₁₀₇ , Graeme Fairchild ₆₅ , Simon E Fisher _{7,

13} , Jean-Paul Fouche _{108,

109} , Clyde Francks _{7,

13} , Sophia Frangou _{110,

111} , Barbara Franke _{6,

7,

112} , Hugh P Garavan ₁₁₃ , David C Glahn _{114,

115} , Nynke A Groenewold ₁₀₈ , Tiril P Gurholt _{75,

83} , Boris A Gutman _{116,

117} , Tim Hahn ₂ , Ian H Harding ₁₁₈ , Dennis Hernaus ₁₁₉ , Derrek P Hibar ₁₂₀ , Frank G Hillary _{121,

122} , Martine Hoogman _{6,

7} , Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol ₄₅ , Maria Jalbrzikowski ₁₂₃ , George A Karkashadze ₁₂₄ , Eduard T Klapwijk _{86,

88} , Rebecca C Knickmeyer _{125,

126,

127} , Peter Kochunov ₇₄ , Inga K Koerte _{102,

128} , Xiang-Zhen Kong ₁₃ , Sook-Lei Liew _{129,

130} , Alexander P Lin _{131,

132} , Mark W Logue _{133,

134,

135} , Eileen Luders _{136,

137} , Fabio Macciardi ₁₃₈ , Scott Mackey ₁₁₃ , Andrew R Mayer ₁₃₉ , Carrie R McDonald _{32,

140} , Agnes B McMahon _{1,

141} , Sarah E Medland ₂₈ , Gemma Modinos _{105,

142} , Rajendra A Morey _{143,

144} , Sven C Mueller _{145,

146} , Pratik Mukherjee ₁₄₇ , Leyla Namazova-Baranova _{124,

148} , Talia M Nir ₁ , Alexander Olsen _{149,

150} , Peristera Paschou ₁₅₁ , Daniel S Pine ₁₅₂ , Fabrizio Pizzagalli ₁ , Miguel E Rentería ₁₅₃ , Jonathan D Rohrer ₁₅₄ , Philipp G Sämann ₁₅₅ , Lianne Schmaal _{54,

156} , Gunter Schumann _{42,

157} , Mark S Shiroishi _{1,

158} , Sanjay M Sisodiya _{159,

160} , Dirk J A Smit ₈ , Ida E Sønderby _{75,

83,

161} , Dan J Stein ₁₆₂ , Jason L Stein ₁₆₃ , Masoud Tahmasian ₁₆₄ , David F Tate _{165,

166} , Jessica A Turner ₁₆₇ , Odile A van den Heuvel _{48,

78} , Nic J A van der Wee _{87,

88} , Ysbrand D van der Werf ₄₈ , Theo G M van Erp _{168,

169} , Neeltje E M van Haren _{45,

93} , Daan van Rooij ₁₇₀ , Laura S van Velzen _{54,

156} , Ilya M Veer ₁₇₁ , Dick J Veltman ₇₈ , Julio E Villalon-Reina ₁ , Henrik Walter ₁₇₁ , Christopher D Whelan _{172,

173} , Elisabeth A Wilde _{101,

174,

175} , Mojtaba Zarei ₁₆₄ , Vladimir Zelman _{176,

177} ,

Affiliation

Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
Biometris Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
The Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
INSERM Unit 955 Team 15 'Translational Psychiatry', Créteil, France.
NeuroSpin, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
National Institute of Mental Health, National of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry & Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
APHP, Mondor University Hospitals, School of Medicine, DMU Impact, Psychiatry Department, Créteil, France.
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
CIBERSAM-G17, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Psychiatry and Integrative Neurophysiology, VU University, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health & Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Research & Innovation, GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Provost and Senior Vice President, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia.
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Clinical and Health Psychology, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.
Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
Universite de Montreal, Centre de Recherche CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK.
Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
SU/UCT MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA.
Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Kharkevich Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health & School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Social Life and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center, University Park, PA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Research and Scientific Institute of Pediatrics and Child Health, CCH RAS, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
CBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
National Center for PTSD at Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA.
The Kavli Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, Russian National Research Medical University MoH RF, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK.
Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, UK.
Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa.
Department of Genetics & UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, I. R., Iran.
Department of Neurology, TBI and Concussion Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Missouri Institute of Mental Health, Berkeley, MO, USA.
Psychology Department & Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
Research and Early Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.
VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation.

This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease. Building on large-scale genetic studies that discovered the first robustly replicated genetic loci associated with brain metrics, ENIGMA has diversified into over 50 working groups (WGs), pooling worldwide data and expertise to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and genetics. Most ENIGMA WGs focus on specific psychiatric and neurological conditions, other WGs study normal variation due to sex and gender differences, or development and aging; still other WGs develop methodological pipelines and tools to facilitate harmonized analyses of "big data" (i.e., genetic and epigenetic data, multimodal MRI, and electroencephalography data). These international efforts have yielded the largest neuroimaging studies to date in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. More recent ENIGMA WGs have formed to study anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, sleep and insomnia, eating disorders, irritability, brain injury, antisocial personality and conduct disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Here, we summarize the first decade of ENIGMA's activities and ongoing projects, and describe the successes and challenges encountered along the way. We highlight the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings, offering the opportunity to identify brain systems involved in clinical syndromes across diverse samples and associated genetic, environmental, demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors.

中文翻译：

ENIGMA 和全球神经科学：十年来对 40 多个国家的大脑在健康和疾病方面的大规模研究。

这篇综述总结了 ENIGMA（通过元分析增强神经影像遗传学）联盟过去十年的工作，该联盟是一个由 43 个国家的 1400 多名科学家组成的全球联盟，研究人类大脑的健康和疾病。 ENIGMA 的大规模基因研究发现了第一个与大脑指标相关的可靠复制的基因位点，在此基础上，ENIGMA 已多元化发展为 50 多个工作组 (WG)，汇集全球数据和专业知识，以回答神经科学、精神病学、神经病学和遗传学方面的基本问题。大多数 ENIGMA 工作组专注于特定的精神和神经系统疾病，其他工作组研究由于性别和性别差异或发育和衰老而导致的正常变异；还有一些工作组开发了方法管道和工具，以促进“大数据”（即遗传和表观遗传数据、多模态 MRI 和脑电图数据）的统一分析。这些国际努力取得了迄今为止最大规模的神经影像学研究，涉及精神分裂症、双相情感障碍、重度抑郁症、创伤后应激障碍、物质使用障碍、强迫症、注意力缺陷/多动症、自闭症谱系障碍、癫痫和22q11.2 缺失综合征。最近成立了 ENIGMA 工作组来研究焦虑症、自杀念头和行为、睡眠和失眠、饮食失调、烦躁、脑损伤、反社会人格和行为障碍以及分离性身份障碍。在这里，我们总结了 ENIGMA 的第一个十年的活动和正在进行的项目，并描述了在此过程中所取得的成功和遇到的挑战。我们强调了协作大规模协调数据分析在测试结果的可重复性和稳健性方面的优势，提供了跨不同样本和相关遗传、环境、人口、认知和社会心理因素识别参与临床综合征的大脑系统的机会。

更新日期：2020-03-20

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