Heteroptera, or true bugs populate many climate zones, coping with different environmental conditions. The aim of this study was the evaluation of their thermal limits and derived traits, as well as climatological parameters which might influence their distribution. We assessed the thermal limits (critical thermal maxima, CT_max, and minima, CT_min) of eight seed bug species (Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae) distributed over four Köppen–Geiger climate classification types (KCC), approximately 6° of latitude, and four European countries (Austria, Italy, Croatia, Bulgaria). In test tubes, a temperature ramp was driven down to −5 °C for CT_min and up to 50 °C for CT_max (0.25 °C/min) until the bugs’ voluntary, coordinated movement stopped. In contrast to CT_min, CT_max depended significantly on KCC, species, and body mass. CT_max showed high correlation with bioclimatic parameters such as annual mean temperature and mean maximum temperature of warmest month (BIO5), as well as three parameters representing temperature variability. CT_min correlated with mean annual temperature, mean minimum temperature of coldest month (BIO6), and two parameters representing variability. Although the derived trait cold tolerance (TC = BIO6 − CT_min) depended on several bioclimatic variables, heat tolerance (TH = CT_max − BIO5) showed no correlation. Seed bugs seem to have potential for further range shifts in the face of global warming.

中文翻译：

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欧洲种虫的温度耐受性和热环境

异翅目或真正的昆虫遍布许多气候区，以应对不同的环境条件。这项研究的目的是评估它们的热极限和衍生特征，以及可能影响其分布的气候参数。我们评估了分布在4种柯本–盖革气候分类类型（KCC），约6度纬度和4种柯本-盖革气候分类类型中的8种种子臭虫（Lygaeidae，Pyrrhocoridae）的热极限（临界热最大值，CT _max和最小值，CT _min）。欧洲国家（奥地利，意大利，克罗地亚，保加利亚）。在试管中，对于CT_最小值，温度斜坡下降至-5°C，对于CT_最大值，温度斜坡上升至50°C（0.25°C / min），直到虫子自愿协调运动为止。与CT _min相比，CT _max显着取决于KCC，物种和体重。CT _max与生物气候参数（如年平均温度和最暖月的平均最高温度（BIO5））以及代表温度变化的三个参数高度相关。CT _min与年平均温度，最冷月份的平均最低温度（BIO6）和代表变异性的两个参数相关。尽管导出的性状耐寒性（TC = BIO6 − CT _min）取决于几个生物气候变量，但耐热性（TH = CT _max− BIO5）没有相关性。面对全球变暖，种子虫似乎有可能进一步改变范围。