Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen transmissible to a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic carnivores. Despite the availability of attenuated vaccines against CDV, the virus remains responsible for outbreaks of canine distemper (CD) with significant morbidity and mortality in domesticated and wild carnivores worldwide. CDV uses the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM, or CD150) and nectin-4 (PVRL4) as entry receptors, well-known tumor-associated markers for several lymphadenomas and adenocarcinomas, which are also responsible for the lysis of tumor cells and apparent tumor regression. Thus, CDV vaccine strains have emerged as a promising platform of oncolytic viruses for use in animal cancer therapy. Recent advances have revealed that use of the CDV reverse genetic system (RGS) has helped increase the understanding of viral pathogenesis and explore the development of recombinant CDV vaccines. In addition, genetic engineering of CDV based on RGS approaches also has the potential of enhancing oncolytic activity and selectively targeting tumors. Here, we reviewed the host tropism and pathogenesis of CDV, and current development of recombinant CDV-based vaccines as well as their use as oncolytic viruses against cancers.

中文翻译：

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病毒发病机制，重组疫苗和溶瘤病毒疗法：犬瘟热病毒逆向遗传系统的应用。

犬瘟热病毒（CDV）是一种高度传染性的病原体，可传播给各种陆生和水生食肉动物。尽管有针对CDV的减毒疫苗，但该病毒仍是引起犬瘟热（CD）的原因，在全球驯养和野生食肉动物中发病率和死亡率均很高。CDV使用信号传导性淋巴细胞激活分子（SLAM或CD150）和nectin-4（PVRL4）作为进入受体，是几种淋巴腺瘤和腺癌的著名的肿瘤相关标志物，它们也负责溶解肿瘤细胞和明显的肿瘤回归。因此，CDV疫苗株已经成为溶瘤病毒用于动物癌症治疗的有希望的平台。最近的进展表明，使用CDV反向遗传系统（RGS）有助于增进对病毒发病机理的了解，并探索重组CDV疫苗的开发。此外，基于RGS方法的CDV基因工程也具有增强溶瘤活性和选择性靶向肿瘤的潜力。在这里，我们审查了宿主的定向性和CDV的发病机理，以及基于CDV的重组疫苗的当前发展以及它们作为抗癌溶瘤病毒的用途。