To render high-fidelity wearable biomarker data, understanding and engineering the information delivery pathway from epidermally retrieved biofluid to a readout unit are critical. By examining the biomarker information delivery pathway and recognizing near-zero strained regions within a microfluidic device, a strain-isolated pathway to preserve biomarker data fidelity is engineered. Accordingly, a generalizable and disposable freestanding electrochemical sensing system (FESS) is devised, which simultaneously facilitates sensing and out-of-plane signal interconnection with the aid of double-sided adhesion. The FESS serves as a foundation to realize a system-level design strategy, addressing the challenges of wearable biosensing, in the presence of motion, and integration with consumer electronics. To this end, a FESS-enabled smartwatch was developed, featuring sweat sampling, electrochemical sensing, and data display/transmission, all within a self-contained wearable platform. The FESS-enabled smartwatch was used to monitor the sweat metabolite profiles of individuals in sedentary and high-intensity exercise settings.

为了提供高保真的可穿戴生物标记数据，理解和设计从表皮取回的生物流体到读出单元的信息传递途径至关重要。通过检查生物标志物信息传递途径并识别微流体装置内接近零的应变区域，设计了一种分离菌株的途径来保持生物标志物数据的保真度。因此，设计了一种通用且可抛弃的独立式电化学传感系统（FESS），该系统同时借助双面粘合促进了传感和面外信号互连。FESS是实现系统级设计策略，解决运动中存在的可穿戴生物传感挑战以及与消费类电子产品集成的基础。为此，开发了具有FESS功能的智能手表，该手表具有汗液采样，电化学感应以及数据显示/传输功能，所有这些功能均在独立的可穿戴平台内实现。具有FESS功能的智能手表用于在久坐和高强度运动环境中监测个人的汗液代谢产物概况。