Cancers develop within complex tissue environments consisting of diverse innate and adaptive immune cells, along with stromal cells, vascular networks, and many other cellular and noncellular components. The high heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a key obstacle in understanding and treating cancer. Understanding the dynamic functional interplay within this intricate ecosystem will provide important insights into the design of effective combinatorial strategies against cancer. Here, we present recent technical advances to explore the complexity of the TME. Then, we discuss how innate immune sensing machinery, genetic alterations of oncogenic signaling, cellular metabolism, and epigenetic factors are involved in modulating the TME. Finally, we summarize the potential strategies to boost antitumor immunity by therapeutically exploiting the TME.

癌症是在复杂的组织环境中发展的，该环境由各种先天性和适应性免疫细胞以及基质细胞，血管网络以及许多其他细胞和非细胞成分组成。肿瘤微环境（TME）内的高度异质性仍然是理解和治疗癌症的主要障碍。了解此复杂生态系统中的动态功能相互作用将为设计有效的抗癌组合策略提供重要见解。在这里，我们提出了最新的技术进步来探索TME的复杂性。然后，我们讨论先天性免疫传感机制，致癌信号的遗传改变，细胞代谢和表观遗传因素如何参与调节TME。最后，