This study presents the results and interpretations of biological (floral and faunal) and geochemical (isotopic and chemical element composition) investigations of the Late Glacial and Holocene sediment accumulated in the Kaniewo palaeolake. These data allowed us to determine the indicators of environmental changes in this lake ecosystem, such as zooplankton and vegetation development, trophic state, water temperature, and water level. We documented the three cold periods (Oldest, Older, and Younger Dryas) separated by two warm periods (Bølling, Allerød). Additionally, we found traces of cold oscillations within the Allerød, lasting approximately 150 years, probably the Intra-Allerød-Gerzensee oscillation, recorded in western and southern Europe. Our data show that sediment accumulation began at the end of the Oldest Dryas period before ca. 13,900 yr cal BP. The top of the studied sediments represented the transition from the Late Glacial to the early Holocene (Preboreal period, ca.10,500 yr cal BP). The lithology of the sediments changed from silty sands at the bottom, then calcareous detritus gyttja partially interbedded by lake marl to peat at the top. Organic matter occurring in the deposits reflects algae and terrestrial sources. In the cold periods, small number of both Cladocera individuals and species (e.g. Bosmina (E.) longispina, Chydorus sphaericus, Alona affinis), corroborate the unfavourable conditions for the development of zooplankton. Cladocera species indicated the initial oligotrophic status of the lake and the subsequent increase in trophic status. Plant and animal macrofossils indicate initial shallow lake ecosystem. Chara meadow developed at the bottom of the lake with a belt of vascular plants (Carex sp., Hippuris vulgaris, Scirpus sp.) in the littoral zone of the lake. Rich shallow vegetation was accompanied by animals, such as Mollusca (e.g. Valvata piscinalis, Pisidium obtusale, Bithynia tentaculata) and Oribatidae sp., Cristatella mucedo, and Plumatella type.

这项研究提出了对Kaniewo古湖中晚期冰川和全新世沉积物的生物学（动植物）和地球化学（同位素和化学元素组成）研究的结果和解释。这些数据使我们能够确定该湖泊生态系统中环境变化的指标，例如浮游动物和植被发育，营养状态，水温和水位。我们记录了三个寒冷时期（最古老，最旧和更年轻的树名），并划分为两个温暖时期（Bølling，Allerød）。此外，我们发现了持续约150年的Allerød内部冷振荡的痕迹，可能是西欧和南欧记录的Intra-Allerød-Gerzensee振荡。我们的数据表明，沉积物的堆积始于约旦的最古老的树妖时期。13 BP 900年 被研究的沉积物的顶部代表了从晚冰期到全新世的过渡（前冰期，大约BP 10,500年）。沉积物的岩性从底部的粉砂开始改变，然后是石灰泥碎屑，部分被石灰岩层间夹层到顶部的泥炭中。沉积物中出现的有机物反映了藻类和陆地来源。在寒冷时期，克拉科菌属的个体和物种都很少（例如 沉积物中出现的有机物反映了藻类和陆地来源。在寒冷时期，克拉科菌属的个体和物种都很少（例如 沉积物中出现的有机物反映了藻类和陆地来源。在寒冷时期，克拉科菌属的个体和物种都很少（例如Bosmina（E.）longispina，Chydorus sphaericus，Alona affinis）证实了浮游动物发育的不利条件。Cladocera物种表明该湖​​最初处于贫营养状态，其营养状态随后增加。动植物大化石表明最初的浅湖生态系统。Chara草甸在湖的底部发育，在湖的沿岸带有维管植物带（Carex sp。，Hippuris vulgaris，Scirpus sp 。）。丰富的浅层植被伴有动物，例如软体动物（如软体动物瓦尔瓦塔（Valvata piscinalis），钝齿P（Pisidium obtusale），藤本植物（Bithynia tentaculata））和Oribatidae sp。，Cristatella mucedo和Plumatella类型。