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Do rainfall and tick burden affect the efficacy of pour-on formulations against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus?
Preventive Veterinary Medicine ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-20 , DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104950 Dina María Beltrán Zapa 1 , Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto 1 , Luciana Maffini Heller 1 , Alliny Souza de Assis Cavalcante 1 , João Eduardo Nicaretta 1 , Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel 1 , Rubens Dias de Melo Júnior 1 , Lorena Lopes Ferreira 2 , Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos 1 , Vando Edesio Soares 3 , Ingo Aron Sousa Mello 4 , Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes 5
Preventive Veterinary Medicine ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-20 , DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104950 Dina María Beltrán Zapa 1 , Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto 1 , Luciana Maffini Heller 1 , Alliny Souza de Assis Cavalcante 1 , João Eduardo Nicaretta 1 , Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel 1 , Rubens Dias de Melo Júnior 1 , Lorena Lopes Ferreira 2 , Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos 1 , Vando Edesio Soares 3 , Ingo Aron Sousa Mello 4 , Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes 5
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Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most important livestock tick, causing economical losses especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Pour-on formulations using synthetic chemicals, remain the most farmer friendly conventional form of tick control method. Misuse of acaricides can lead to the emergence of resistance, residual chemicals in animal products, the poisoning of vertebrates and environment contamination. Despite the increase in the use of pour-on formulations, little is known regarding the therapeutic and residual efficacy of these products after the treated animals are exposed to rainfall. Moreover, information is scanty on whether efficacy is modulated by different levels of tick burden. Three studies were conducted. In the two first experiments, we evaluated the therapeutic and residual efficacies of commercial pour-on products (fluazuron 2.5 mg/kg and fipronil 1.0 mg/kg, respectively) on cattle naturally infested with R. (B.) microplus under the condition of simulated rainfall. In the third study, we investigated whether tick burden affects the efficacy of the drugs used a chemical control method involving three different formulations (Day 0: cypermethrin 5.0 mg/kg + chlorpyrifos 7.0 mg/kg + citronellal 0.5 mg/kg; Day 7: fluazuron 3.0 mg/kg + abamectin 0.5 mg/kg and Day 56: fipronil 1.0 mg/kg + fluazuron 3.0 mg/kg). Tick counts were performed on different days to assess efficacy. It was observed that the residual efficacy of the commercial formulations was lower on animals that received simulated rain. In addition, therapeutic and residual efficacies of the products were reduced in the group of animals with a high tick burden of R. (B.) microplus. In conclusion, rainfall decreases the efficacy of acaricides. Also, the tick burden must be considered when selecting a pour-on formulation.
中文翻译：
降雨和tick虫负担是否会影响泼妇配方对小头蛇耳（Rhipicephalus（Boophilus））的功效？
Rhipicephalus（Boophilus）microplus是最重要的家畜tick，造成经济损失，尤其是在热带和亚热带地区。使用合成化学药品的浇注配方仍然是对农民最友好的conventional控制方法。滥用杀螨剂可能导致耐药性的出现，动物产品中残留的化学物质，脊椎动物中毒和环境污染。尽管增加了浇注制剂的使用，但是在被处理的动物暴露于降雨之后，关于这些产品的治疗和残留功效知之甚少。此外，关于是否通过不同水平的tick负担来调节功效的信息很少。进行了三项研究。在前两个实验中 我们评估了在模拟降雨条件下天然倒入R.（B.）microplus的牛身上的商业浇筑产品（分别为氟尿隆2.5 mg / kg和氟虫腈1.0 mg / kg）的治疗和残留功效。在第三项研究中，我们调查了tick滴负荷是否会影响所用药物的疗效，所使用的化学控制方法涉及三种不同的制剂（第0天：氯氰菊酯5.0 mg / kg +毒死rif 7.0 mg / kg +香茅醛0.5 mg / kg；第7天：氟柔隆3.0 mg / kg +阿巴菌素0.5 mg / kg和第56天：氟虫腈1.0 mg / kg +氟柔隆3.0 mg / kg）。在不同的日子进行ick虫计数以评估功效。观察到，商业制剂的残余功效在接受模拟雨的动物上较低。此外，在R.（B.）microplus高tick负担的动物组中，该产品的治疗和残留功效降低。总之，降雨会降低杀螨剂的功效。另外，选择浇注配方时必须考虑the的负担。
更新日期：2020-03-21
中文翻译：
降雨和tick虫负担是否会影响泼妇配方对小头蛇耳（Rhipicephalus（Boophilus））的功效？
Rhipicephalus（Boophilus）microplus是最重要的家畜tick，造成经济损失，尤其是在热带和亚热带地区。使用合成化学药品的浇注配方仍然是对农民最友好的conventional控制方法。滥用杀螨剂可能导致耐药性的出现，动物产品中残留的化学物质，脊椎动物中毒和环境污染。尽管增加了浇注制剂的使用，但是在被处理的动物暴露于降雨之后，关于这些产品的治疗和残留功效知之甚少。此外，关于是否通过不同水平的tick负担来调节功效的信息很少。进行了三项研究。在前两个实验中 我们评估了在模拟降雨条件下天然倒入R.（B.）microplus的牛身上的商业浇筑产品（分别为氟尿隆2.5 mg / kg和氟虫腈1.0 mg / kg）的治疗和残留功效。在第三项研究中，我们调查了tick滴负荷是否会影响所用药物的疗效，所使用的化学控制方法涉及三种不同的制剂（第0天：氯氰菊酯5.0 mg / kg +毒死rif 7.0 mg / kg +香茅醛0.5 mg / kg；第7天：氟柔隆3.0 mg / kg +阿巴菌素0.5 mg / kg和第56天：氟虫腈1.0 mg / kg +氟柔隆3.0 mg / kg）。在不同的日子进行ick虫计数以评估功效。观察到，商业制剂的残余功效在接受模拟雨的动物上较低。此外，在R.（B.）microplus高tick负担的动物组中，该产品的治疗和残留功效降低。总之，降雨会降低杀螨剂的功效。另外，选择浇注配方时必须考虑the的负担。
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