Valorization of Expired Energy Drinks by Designed and Integrated Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems,ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

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Valorization of Expired Energy Drinks by Designed and Integrated Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00429
Aleksandra Dimitrijević ₁ , Ana P. M. Tavares ₂ , Mafalda R. Almeida ₂ , Milan Vraneš ₃ , Ana C. A. Sousa ₂ , Ana C. Cristóvão ₄ , Tatjana Trtić-Petrović ₁ , Slobodan Gadžurić ₃ , Mara G. Freire ₂

Affiliation

Expired energy drinks are rich in bioactive value-added compounds that can be recovered and reused in order to valorize food waste within a circular economy perspective. However, to accomplish such requirements, it is necessary to develop sustainable extraction and recovery processes, which must consist of decreasing the number of steps required or developing integrated strategies. In this work, novel aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of ionic liquids (ILs) and a biocompatible polymer polypropylene glycol (400 g·mol^–1, PPG 400) were studied for the simultaneous extraction and recovery of three value-added compounds, namely, caffeine, taurine, and niacin, from expired energy drinks. ILs were designed and synthesized in order to have similar anions to the target compounds, thus allowing enhanced selectivity and biological activity, while avoiding an extra step of separation of these high-value compounds from the IL-rich phase. To this end, cholinium-based ILs comprising the anions lactate, pyruvate, taurate, and nicotinate were synthesized, and their cytotoxicity and ecotoxicity credentials were evaluated. Overall, taurine and niacin are majorly enriched in the IL-rich phase, while caffeine preferentially migrates in the majority of the cases toward the PPG-rich phase. However, caffeine also partitions to the IL-rich phase in the ABS formed by cholinium pyruvate or cholinium nicotinate. The ABS formed by cholinium nicotinate and PPG 400 is the best system identified, allowing the almost complete recovery (recovery efficiencies > 82%) of all target compounds into the IL-rich phase in one step. Furthermore, cholinium nicotinate exhibits marginal cytotoxic potential and is harmless from an ecotoxicological point of view. This system is thus a promising platform to simultaneously extract, recover, and reuse value-added compounds from expired energy drinks without the need of removing the IL or recovering the target compounds from the IL-rich phase, thus contributing to a sustainable and circular food economy.

中文翻译：

通过设计和集成的基于离子液体的水相双相系统来评估过期的能量饮料

过期的能量饮料富含生物活性增值化合物，可以对其进行回收和再利用，以便在循环经济的角度上对食品浪费进行增值。但是，要实现这些要求，必须开发可持续的提取和回收流程，其中必须包括减少所需步骤的数量或制定综合策略。在这项工作中，新型的水性双相系统（ABS）由离子液体（IL）和生物相容性聚合物聚丙二醇（400 g·mol ^–1（PPG 400）进行了研究，以从过期的能量饮料中同时提取和回收三种增值化合物，即咖啡因，牛磺酸和烟酸。设计和合成IL以便具有与目标化合物相似的阴离子，从而提高选择性和生物活性，同时避免了将这些高价值化合物与富含IL的相分离的额外步骤。为此，合成了包含乳酸根，丙酮酸根，牛磺酸根和烟酸根阴离子的基于胆碱的IL，并评估了它们的细胞毒性和生态毒性。总体而言，牛磺酸和烟酸在富含IL的阶段主要富集，而咖啡因在大多数情况下优先向富含PPG的阶段迁移。然而，咖啡因还会在丙酮酸胆碱或烟酸胆碱形成的ABS中分配到富含IL的相。烟酸胆碱和PPG 400形成的ABS是鉴定出的最佳系统，一步即可将所有目标化合物几乎完全回收（回收率> 82％）到富含IL的相中。此外，烟酸胆碱显示出很小的细胞毒性潜力，并且从生态毒理学的观点来看是无害的。因此，该系统是一个有前途的平台，可以从过期的能量饮料中同时提取，回收和再利用增值化合物，而无需去除IL或从富含IL的相中回收目标化合物，从而有助于实现可持续的圆形食品经济。一步就可以将所有目标化合物几乎完全回收（回收率> 82％）。此外，烟酸胆碱显示出很小的细胞毒性潜力，并且从生态毒理学的观点来看是无害的。因此，该系统是一个有前途的平台，可以从过期的能量饮料中同时提取，回收和再利用增值化合物，而无需去除IL或从富含IL的相中回收目标化合物，从而有助于实现可持续的圆形食品经济。一步就可以将所有目标化合物几乎完全回收（回收率> 82％）。此外，烟酸胆碱显示出很小的细胞毒性潜力，并且从生态毒理学的观点来看是无害的。因此，该系统是一个有前途的平台，可以从过期的能量饮料中同时提取，回收和再利用增值化合物，而无需去除IL或从富含IL的相中回收目标化合物，从而有助于实现可持续的圆形食品经济。

更新日期：2020-04-03

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