Neotropical ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae): interpreting taxonomy, phylogeny and divergent morphologies,Systematic Entomology

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Neotropical ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae): interpreting taxonomy, phylogeny and divergent morphologies
Systematic Entomology ( IF 4.7 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-16 , DOI: 10.1111/syen.12407
Elizabeth A. Murray _{1,

2} , John M. Heraty ₁

Affiliation

The Neotropical ‘Kapala Clade’ is a group of 13 described genera of ant parasitoids that includes some of the most morphologically bizarre members in the family Eucharitidae (Chalcidoidea). Across the Kapala Clade, various conspicuous morphological modifications – notably the long mesoscutellar spines – have led to the description of numerous genera. Monophyly of the clade has been supported in morphological and molecular analyses; however, relationships among genera within the clade are not easily resolved. Within this clade, there is one especially problematic taxon: Kapala Cameron is a common, diverse and easily recognizable genus, with species distributed across the Neotropical region north into the southern Nearctic, and one disjunct species found in the Afrotropical region. However, Kapala is defined by pleisiomorphic features – lacking the derived characters of the other Kapala Clade genera – with previous molecular evidence showing this genus to be paraphyletic. To evaluate relationships among Kapala Clade genera, we use a comprehensive sampling of 195 taxa and a molecular dataset of five gene regions. A morphological matrix of 52 characters was analysed both separately and combined with molecular data, which allowed rare genera to be incorporated into the phylogeny. Molecular results were at odds with the historic generic relationships, and the genus Kapala was rendered polyphyletic by two distinct clades of other kapaline genera. We find that there were bursts of morphological change clustered in the phylogeny; however, these are not correlated with higher rates of diversification. We discuss the timing of divergence events, analyse diversification patterns, and evaluate life‐history information within a phylogenetic context.

中文翻译：

Neotropical ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae)：解释分类、系统发育和不同的形态

Neotropical 'Kapala Clade' 是一组 13 个已描述的蚂蚁寄生物属，其中包括 Eucharitidae (Chalcidoidea) 中一些形态上最奇怪的成员。在整个 Kapala Clade，各种显着的形态变化——特别是长中皮棘——导致了对许多属的描述。形态和分子分析支持进化枝的单一性；然而，进化枝内属之间的关系并不容易解决。在这个进化枝中，有一个特别成问题的分类群：Kapala Cameron 是一个常见、多样且易于识别的属，物种分布在新热带地区北部到近北冰洋南部，还有一种在非洲热带地区发现的分离物种。然而，Kapala 由多形性特征定义——缺乏其他 Kapala Clade 属的派生特征——先前的分子证据表明该属是并系的。为了评估 Kapala Clade 属之间的关系，我们使用了 195 个分类群的综合抽样和五个基因区域的分子数据集。分别分析了 52 个特征的形态矩阵，并结合分子数据进行了分析，这使得稀有属能够被纳入系统发育。分子结果与历史上的属相关系不一致，并且 Kapala 属被其他 kapaline 属的两个不同进化枝赋予了多系性。我们发现在系统发育中聚集了大量的形态变化；然而，这些与更高的多样化率无关。

更新日期：2019-12-16

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