Long INterspersed element (LINE-1, L1) retrotransposons are the most abundant transposable elements in the human genome, constituting approximately 17%. They move by a "copy-paste" mechanism, involving reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate and insertion of its cDNA copy at a new site in the genome. L1 retrotransposition (L1-RTP) can cause insertional mutations, alter gene expression, transduce exons, and induce epigenetic dysregulation. L1-RTP is generally repressed, however a number of observations collected over about fifteen years revealed that it can occur in response to environmental stresses. Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that L1-RTP can play a role in the onset of several neurological and oncological diseases in humans. In recent years, great attention has been paid to the exposome paradigm, which proposes that health effects of an environmental factor should be evaluated considering both cumulative environmental exposures and the endogenous processes resulting from the biological response. L1-RTP could be an endogenous process considered for this application. Here, we summarize the current understanding of environmental factors that can affect the retrotransposition of human L1 elements. Evidence indicates that L1-RTP alteration is triggered by numerous and various environmental stressors, such as chemical agents (heavy metals, carcinogens, oxidants, drugs), physical agents (ionizing and non-ionizing radiations) and experiential factors (voluntary exercise, social isolation, maternal care, environmental light/dark cycles). These data come from in vitro studies on cell lines, and in vivo studies on transgenic animals: future investigations should be focused on physiologically relevant models to gain a better understanding of this topic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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长时间散布的element-1迁移性可作为环境压力的传感器。

长的分散元素（LINE-1，L1）逆转座子是人类基因组中最丰富的转座子，约占17％。它们通过“复制-粘贴”机制移动，该机制涉及RNA中间体的逆转录并在基因组新位点插入其cDNA复制。L1逆转座（L1-RTP）可能引起插入突变，改变基因表达，转导外显子并诱导表观遗传异常。L1-RTP通常受到抑制，但是，在大约十五年的时间里收集到的许多观察结果表明，它可以响应环境压力而发生。此外，越来越多的证据表明，L1-RTP可以在人类几种神经系统和肿瘤疾病的发作中发挥作用。近年来，人们越来越关注曝光范式，该建议建议，应考虑累积的环境暴露和生物反应产生的内源性过程来评估环境因素对健康的影响。L1-RTP可能是为此应用考虑的内生过程。在这里，我们总结了当前对环境因素的理解，这些环境因素可能会影响人类L1元素的逆转座。有证据表明，L1-RTP的改变是由多种环境压力触发的，例如化学试剂（重金属，致癌物，氧化剂，药物），物理试剂（电离和非电离辐射）和体验因素（自愿运动，社会隔离） ，孕产妇护理，环境明暗周期）。这些数据来自细胞系的体外研究和转基因动物的体内研究：未来的研究应集中在生理相关模型上，以更好地理解该主题。本文受版权保护。版权所有。