Habitat restoration is a cornerstone of conservation, particularly for habitat-limited species. However, restoration efforts are seldom rigorously monitored at meaningful spatial scales. Poor understanding of how species respond to habitat restoration programs limits conservation efficacy for habitat-restricted species like the Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera, GWWA). We provide one of the first concerted assessments of a national conservation program aimed at restoring songbird habitat across its breeding range. We studied GWWA response to forest habitat restoration across two broad regions with opposing population trajectories and assessed factors driving species use of restored habitats across multiple spatial scales. From 2015 to 2017, we conducted 1,145 (n = 457 locations) and 519 point counts (n = 215 locations) across the Appalachian Mountains and Great Lakes (respectively) within restored habitats. Warbler abundance within restored habitats across the Great Lakes varied with latitude, longitude, elevation, forest type, and number of growing seasons. In the Appalachian Mountains, occupancy (ψ̂) varied with longitude, elevation, forest type, and number of growing seasons. Detections were restricted to areas within close proximity to population centers (usually <24 km) in the AppalachianMountains, where GWWAs are rare (ψ̂= 0.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20–0.25), but not in the Great Lakes, where GWWAs remain common (ψ̂= 0.87, 95% CI: 0.84–0.90). Our study suggests that, evenwhen best management practices are carefully implemented, restoration outcomes vary within/across regions and with multiscale habitat attributes. Although assessments of concerted habitat restoration efforts remain uncommon, our study demonstrates the value of monitoring data in the adaptive management process for imperiled species.

中文翻译：

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濒危鸣禽恢复结果的多尺度驱动因素

栖息地恢复是保护的基石，特别是对于栖息地有限的物种。然而，很少在有意义的空间尺度上严格监测恢复工作。对物种如何响应栖息地恢复计划的了解不足限制了栖息地受限物种的保护效果，例如金翅莺（Vermivora chrysoptera，GWWA）。我们为旨在恢复鸣禽整个繁殖范围内的栖息地的国家保护计划提供了首批协调一致的评估之一。我们研究了 GWWA 对人口轨迹相反的两个广泛区域的森林栖息地恢复的响应，并评估了驱动物种在多个空间尺度上使用恢复的栖息地的因素。从 2015 年到 2017 年，我们进行了 1、145（n = 457 个位置）和 519 个点计数（n = 215 个位置）横跨阿巴拉契亚山脉和五大湖（分别）在恢复的栖息地内。五大湖恢复栖息地内的莺数量因纬度、经度、海拔、森林类型和生长季节数量而异。在阿巴拉契亚山脉，占用率 (ψ̂) 随经度、海拔、森林类型和生长季节的数量而变化。检测仅限于靠近阿巴拉契亚山脉人口中心（通常 <24 公里）的区域，其中 GWWA 很少见（ψ̂= 0.22，95% 置信区间 [CI]：0.20–0.25），但不在五大湖中，其中 GWWA 仍然常见（ψ̂= 0.87，95% CI：0.84–0.90）。我们的研究表明，即使精心实施最佳管理实践，恢复结果在区域内/跨区域并具有多尺度栖息地属性。尽管对协调一致的栖息地恢复工作的评估仍然不常见，但我们的研究证明了监测数据在濒危物种适应性管理过程中的价值。