1. Billfish are oceanic pelagic species that are often caught by tuna fleets and are of great interest for sport fishing. Two species of billfish have specific legislation prohibiting their marketing and export in Brazil.
2. DNA barcoding is a universal system of molecular identification based on a sequence of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), which serves as a diagnostic genomic marker in each species.
3. The barcode DNA technique was used to identify billfish marketed in the second largest fishing warehouse in Latin America, the CEAGESP (Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo), located in São Paulo, Brazil. Seventy‐nine samples of billfish were collected during three inspection visits carried out by Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis.
4. After DNA sequencing, 70 samples (88.60%) were identified to the species level; 21 (30.00%) were identified as Xiphias gladius , 43 (61.42%) as Istiophorus platypterus and six (8.57%) as Kajikia albida . The sale of this latter species is prohibited in Brazil and it is considered Vulnerable on the list of endangered species of the IUCN and in the official list of species of endangered Fauna – Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates.
5. Molecular analyses proved to be very efficient at uncovering irregularities in the identification of the white marlin (K. albida ), which was traded illegally in CEAGESP, demonstrating the ineffectiveness of the current monitoring techniques used and emphasizing the need for the adoption of better public policies for the conservation of the species.

中文翻译：

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利用遗传标记识别拉丁美洲第二大渔场中的比目鱼非法贸易

1. fish鱼是海洋中上层鱼类，通常被金枪鱼船队捕获，对运动钓鱼非常感兴趣。两种河豚有专门的法规禁止在巴西销售和出口。
2. DNA条形码是基于线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）序列的分子鉴定的通用系统，该序列在每种物种中均作为诊断基因组标记。
3. 条形码DNA技术被用于识别在拉丁美洲第二大渔场CEAGESP（位于巴西圣保罗的Companhia de Entrepostos eArmazénsGerais deSãoPaulo）销售的比目鱼。在巴西国家气象局进行的3次检查访问中，收集了79份比目鱼样品。
4. DNA测序后，鉴定出70个样品（占88.60％），达到物种水平。21份（30.00％）被鉴定为剑兰（Xiphias gladius），43份（61.42 ％）被鉴定为白鸢尾花（Istiophorus platypterus），6份（8.57％）被鉴定为Kajikia albida。巴西禁止出售后一种物种，并且在世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）的濒危物种清单和濒危的动植物（鱼类和水生无脊椎动物）官方清单中将其视为易危物种。
5. 事实证明，分子分析非常有效地发现了鉴定在CEAGESP中非法交易的白枪鱼（K. albida）的违规行为，这表明当前使用的监测技术无效，强调需要采用更好的公共政策。为了保护物种。