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Maternal effects in zooplankton consumers are not only mediated by direct but also by indirect effects of phosphorus limitation
Oikos ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-10 , DOI: 10.1111/oik.06898
Libin Zhou 1 , Steven A. J. Declerck 1, 2
Affiliation  

Nutrient limitation of primary producers has repeatedly been shown to negatively affect consumers, directly through stoichiometric mismatch and indirectly via alterations in the producer's biochemical quality or palatability. In this study, we assessed whether direct and indirect impacts of phosphorus‐limitation on a planktonic consumer are transferred to the next generation via maternal effects and whether these effects reflect an anticipatory adaptive strategy. For this, we subjected cultures of the algivorous monogonont rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus to three food quality treatments, i.e. P‐limited (LP), P‐replete (HP) and P‐enriched LP algae (i.e. algae with an LP‐growth history but with molar C:P ratios equal to those of HP‐algae). After two generations, we subjected offspring of these cultures to each of the three food quality treatments and monitored life history traits. In addition, we tested starvation resistance. Our results showed very strong negative maternal effects of low P food on offspring performance. These negative effects prevailed irrespective of contemporary diets, suggesting transmissive and selfish maternal effects rather than anticipatory adaptive effects. The relative strength of direct and indirect maternal P‐limitation effects varied among different traits. Adult body size was predominantly determined by direct effects of P‐shortage in maternal as well as contemporary food (LP < LP + P and LP + P = HP). In contrast, whereas egg size was negatively affected by direct effects of P‐limitation in the maternal diet, a contemporary diet of LP and LP + P algae resulted in larger eggs than HP algae. Animals born from such larger eggs showed no higher growth rates, but they were more resistant to starvation, likely as the result of higher maternal allocation of energy rich molecules to the eggs. The present study shows that maternal food conditions represent an important factor that should be taken into account in studies of stoichiometric mismatch between producers and consumers.

中文翻译:

浮游动物消费者的母体影响不仅通过磷限制的直接影响来介导,而且还通过磷限制的间接影响来介导

反复证明初级生产者的营养限制直接影响化学计量失配,间接影响生产者的生化质量或适口性,从而对消费者产生负面影响。在这项研究中,我们评估了磷限制对浮游生物消费者的直接和间接影响是否通过母体效应转移到了下一代,以及这些效应是否反映了预期的适应策略。为此,我们进行了食性单性轮虫轮枝Brachionus calyciflorus的培养三种食品质量处理方法,即限磷(LP),富P(HP)和富磷LP藻类(即具有LP增长历史但C:P摩尔比等于HP藻类的藻类) 。经过两代人的研究,我们对这些文化的后代进行了三种食品质量处理,并监测了其生活史特征。另外,我们测试了抗饥饿性。我们的结果表明,低磷食物对后代表现出非常强烈的母体负面影响。不管现代饮食如何,这些负面影响普遍存在,这表明传播和自私的母体影响而不是预期的适应性影响。不同性状的直接和间接母体P-限制效应的相对强度各不相同。成人体重的大小主要取决于孕妇和现代食品中磷缺乏的直接影响(LP <LP + P和LP + P = HP)。相比之下,尽管母体饮食中P限制的直接影响对鸡蛋大小造成负面影响,但现代的LP和LP + P藻类饮食导致的卵比HP藻类更大。用这种较大卵子出生的动物没有更高的生长速度,但是它们对饥饿的抵抗力更高,这可能是由于母体向卵子中分配了更多的能量丰富的分子所致。本研究表明,孕产妇食物条件是研究生产者和消费者之间化学计量失配的重要因素。产妇饮食中磷限制的直接影响对鸡蛋大小产生负面影响,而现代饮食中的LP和LP + P藻类所产生的卵要比HP藻类大。用这种较大卵子出生的动物没有更高的生长速度,但是它们对饥饿的抵抗力更高,这可能是由于母体向卵子中分配了更多的能量丰富的分子所致。本研究表明,产妇的食物条件是研究生产者和消费者之间化学计量失配的重要因素。产妇饮食中磷限制的直接影响对鸡蛋大小产生负面影响,而现代饮食中的LP和LP + P藻类所产生的卵要比HP藻类大。用这种较大卵子出生的动物没有更高的生长速度,但是它们对饥饿的抵抗力更高,这可能是由于母体向卵子中分配了更多的能量丰富的分子所致。本研究表明,孕产妇食物条件是研究生产者和消费者之间化学计量失配的重要因素。这可能是由于母体向卵子分配了更高能量的分子所致。本研究表明,产妇的食物条件是研究生产者和消费者之间化学计量失配的重要因素。这可能是由于母体向卵子分配了更高能量的分子所致。本研究表明,孕产妇食物条件是研究生产者和消费者之间化学计量失配的重要因素。
更新日期:2020-02-10
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