Understanding patterns of ecological specialization, the processes underlying niche partitioning and how they translate into the structure of interaction networks is a persistent challenge in ecology. Advances on this regard are limited by the prevalent focus on single spatial scales, lack of tests of the mechanisms underlying specialization, and scarce investigation of some types of interactions. Here we investigated the patterns of interaction between plants and florivores (flower‐breeding drosophilids, FBD) at species‐ and community‐level and at local and regional scales, and tested the relative importance of multiple potential drivers of frequencies of interactions in a local network. First, based on a year‐round collection of 42 322 flowers belonging to 82 plant species, we investigated species specialization and network structure and tested whether frequencies of interactions were related to plant–consumer temporal overlap and resource availability. Second, we built a regional florivore–plant meta‐network for the Neotropical region and tested its structure for nestedness, modularity and overall specialization. Our findings revealed that although FBD species span a broad range of degrees of specialization, most species were highly specialized. At both local and regional scales, network structure was highly modular and non‐nested, presenting high complementary specialization. Moreover, phenological overlap between FBD and their hosts was the most influential driver of frequency of interactions, in comparison to abundance and traits. By describing the structure of FBD–plant networks, our results illustrate how a highly diverse and specialized system retains interaction patterns found in other types of interaction networks which are often driven by different processes. Furthermore, despite undersampling of interactions in the meta‐network caused by the lack of studies on this system and the high diversity of Neotropical FBD's, the high modularity and consistency of some clade–clade modules across spatial scales suggests the importance of evolutionary history and physiological constraints in shaping interactions in this system.

中文翻译：

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高利基划分促进了空间尺度上高度专业化，模块化和非嵌套的弗洛里弗罗植物网络，并揭示了专业化的驱动力

理解生态专业化的模式，生态位分配的基础过程以及它们如何转化为相互作用网络的结构是生态学中的一个持续挑战。在这方面的进展受到以下限制：对单一空间尺度的普遍关注，缺乏对专业化机制的检验以及对某些类型相互作用的缺乏研究。在这里，我们研究了物种和群落水平以及地方和区域尺度上植物与食虫（花育果蝇，FBD）之间的相互作用模式，并测试了本地网络中相互作用频率的多种潜在驱动因素的相对重要性。首先，根据一年四季收集的82322种植物的42322朵花，我们调查了物种专业化和网络结构，并测试了相互作用的频率是否与植物－消费者的时间重叠和资源可用性有关。其次，我们为新热带地区建立了一个区域弗洛里弗罗-植物元网络，并对其嵌套，模块化和整体专业化的结构进行了测试。我们的发现表明，尽管FBD物种的专业化程度范围很广，但大多数物种都是高度专业化的。在地方和区域范围内，网络结构都是高度模块化且非嵌套的，呈现出高度互补的专业性。此外，与丰度和性状相比，FBD与寄主之间的物候重叠是影响互动频率的最重要驱动因素。通过描述FBD工厂网络的结构，我们的结果说明了高度多样化和专业化的系统如何保留通常由不同过程驱动的其他类型的交互网络中发现的交互模式。此外，尽管由于缺乏对该系统的研究以及新热带FBD的高度多样性而导致元网络中的交互作用采样不足，但某些进化枝-进化枝模块在空间尺度上的高度模块化和一致性表明了进化历史和生理学的重要性。在塑造此系统中的交互方面的约束。