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Seedling traits from root to shoot exhibit genetic diversity and distinct responses to environmental heterogeneity within a tree population
Oikos ( IF 3.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-27 , DOI: 10.1111/oik.06797
Matti J. Salmela 1 , Sannakajsa M. Velmala 1 , Taina Pennanen 1
Affiliation  

Phenotypic diversity within plant species is crucial to shaping evolutionary responses of populations and interactions among species, yet intraspecific genetic variability notably in roots has attracted little attention. Further, evidence for the root–shoot trait synchronisation remains inconclusive, narrowing our understanding of the role that belowground traits play in local adaptation. We applied broad ‘top‐to‐toe’ phenotyping to a model system whose native environmental conditions were simulated in experimental settings. Fifteen maternal families of Norway spruce Picea abies from southern Finland grew in six combinations of two simulated growing seasons and three soil treatments. We scored variation in 25 functional traits, including size, architecture and morphology of intact root systems, and shoot growth and phenology. Careful phenotyping of roots uncovered five trait dimensions, with root size, architecture and morphology forming the three largest axes of variation. Dimensions varied in their treatment responses. We observed among‐family differences in all trait dimensions, marking substantial within‐population genetic diversity. For example, average total root length varied almost twofold among families, but family × soil interactions indicated treatment‐specific estimates of genetic variance. Mirroring root traits, phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation characterised shoot growth and phenology. In all, the complete phenotypic dataset yielded six trait dimensions, with assorted measures of root system and shoot size composing the main axis of variation. Although plastic and genetically variable, root architecture and morphology were not associated with shoot growth in any treatment. Also phenology and root‐to‐shoot ratio were detached from the primary axis of trait variability. Our results demonstrate that complex within‐species patterns of trait covariation can be observed even locally and that phenotypic variation in independent trait dimensions reflecting divergent growth strategies is under genetic control. More accurate predictions of population and species responses to changes in the environment can be achieved when such intraspecific diversity is taken into account.

中文翻译:

从树根到苗的性状表现出遗传多样性,并且对树木种群内的环境异质性有不同的反应

植物物种内的表型多样性对于塑造种群的进化反应和物种间的相互作用至关重要,但是种内遗传变异尤其是根系却很少受到关注。此外,根冠性状同步的证据尚无定论,这使我们对地下性状在局部适应中的作用的理解更加狭窄。我们将广泛的“从头到脚”表型应用于模型系统,该系统的自然环境条件在实验环境中进行了模拟。挪威的十五个母亲家庭云杉云杉来自芬兰南部的来自六个模拟生长季节和三个土壤处理的组合。我们对25个功能性状进行了评分,包括完整根系的大小,结构和形态,以及枝条的生长和物候。仔细的根表型分析发现了五个性状维度,根的大小,结构和形态构成了三个最大的变异轴。尺寸在其治疗反应中各不相同。我们观察到了所有性状维度上的家庭差异,这标志着人口内部的大量遗传多样性。例如,平均总根长在各科之间变化几乎两倍,但各科×土壤相互作用表明特定处理对遗传变异的估计。反映根性状,表型可塑性和遗传变异的特征是芽的生长和物候。在所有,完整的表型数据集产生六个性状维度,根系和枝条大小的各种量度组成了变异的主轴。尽管可塑性和遗传上可变,但是在任何处理中,根的结构和形态均与芽的生长无关。物候和根冠比也脱离了性状变异的主轴。我们的结果表明,即使在局部,也可以观察到复杂的种间性状共变异的模式,并且独立性状维度的表型变异反映了不同的生长策略,这在遗传控制之下。如果考虑到种内多样性,就可以更准确地预测种群和物种对环境变化的反应。根系和芽大小的各种量度组成了变异的主轴。尽管可塑性和遗传变异,但在任何处理中,根部结构和形态均与芽生长无关。物候和根冠比也脱离了性状变异的主轴。我们的结果表明,即使在局部,也可以观察到复杂的种间性状共变异型,并且独立性状维度的表型变异反映了不同的生长策略,这在遗传控制之下。如果考虑到种内多样性,就可以更准确地预测种群和物种对环境变化的反应。根系和芽大小的各种量度组成了变异的主轴。尽管可塑性和遗传变异,但在任何处理中,根部结构和形态均与芽生长无关。物候和根冠比也脱离了性状变异的主轴。我们的结果表明,即使在局部,也可以观察到复杂的种间性状共变异的模式,并且独立性状维度的表型变异反映了不同的生长策略,这在遗传控制之下。如果考虑到种内多样性,就可以更准确地预测种群和物种对环境变化的反应。在任何处理中,根的结构和形态均与芽的生长无关。物候和根冠比也脱离了性状变异的主轴。我们的结果表明,即使在局部,也可以观察到复杂的种间性状共变异的模式,并且独立性状维度的表型变异反映了不同的生长策略,这在遗传控制之下。如果考虑到种内多样性,就可以更准确地预测种群和物种对环境变化的反应。在任何处理中,根的结构和形态均与芽的生长无关。物候和根冠比也脱离了性状变异的主轴。我们的结果表明,即使在局部,也可以观察到复杂的种间性状共变异的模式,并且独立性状维度的表型变异反映了不同的生长策略,这在遗传控制之下。如果考虑到种内多样性,就可以更准确地预测种群和物种对环境变化的反应。我们的结果表明,即使在局部,也可以观察到复杂的种间性状共变异的模式,并且独立性状维度的表型变异反映了不同的生长策略,这在遗传控制之下。如果考虑到种内多样性,就可以更准确地预测种群和物种对环境变化的反应。我们的结果表明,即使在局部,也可以观察到复杂的种间性状共变异的模式,并且独立性状维度的表型变异反映了不同的生长策略,这在遗传控制之下。如果考虑到种内多样性,就可以更准确地预测种群和物种对环境变化的反应。
更新日期:2020-01-27
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