An important driver of evolution in viruses is natural selection to optimize the use of their hosts’ genetic network. To learn how viruses respond to this pressure, we disrupted the genetic network of Escherichia coli to inhibit replication of its virus, bacteriophage lambda, and then observed how λ evolved to compensate. We deleted E. coli's dnaJ gene, which lambda uses to initiate DNA replication. Lambda partially restored its ability to reproduce with just two adaptive mutations associated with genes J and S. The location of the mutations was unexpected because they were not in genes that directly interact with DnaJ, rather they affected seemingly unrelated life history traits. A nonsynonymous J mutation increased lambda's adsorption rate and an S regulatory mutation delayed lysis timing. Lambda also recovered some of its reproductive potential through intracellular mutualism. This study offers two important lessons: first, viruses can rapidly adapt to disruptive changes in their host's genetic network. Second, organisms can employ mechanisms thought to operate at the population scale, such as evolution of life history traits and social interactions, in order to overcome hurdles at the molecular level. As life science research progresses and new fields become increasingly specialized, these results remind us of the importance of multiscale and interdisciplinary approaches to understand adaptation.

中文翻译：

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λ噬菌体通过共生和生活史特征的进化克服了宿主病毒遗传网络的扰动

病毒进化的一个重要驱动因素是自然选择以优化其宿主遗传网络的使用。为了了解病毒如何应对这种压力，我们破坏了大肠杆菌的遗传网络以抑制其病毒、噬菌体 lambda 的复制，然后观察 λ 如何进化以进行补偿。我们删除了大肠杆菌的 dnaJ 基因，lambda 用它来启动 DNA 复制。Lambda 仅通过与基因 J 和 S 相关的两个适应性突变就部分恢复了其繁殖能力。突变的位置出乎意料，因为它们不在与 DnaJ 直接相互作用的基因中，而是影响了看似无关的生活史特征。非同义 J 突变增加了 lambda 的吸附率，而 S 调节突变延迟了裂解时间。Lambda 还通过细胞内的共生关系恢复了部分繁殖潜力。这项研究提供了两个重要的教训：首先，病毒可以迅速适应宿主遗传网络的破坏性变化。其次，生物体可以利用被认为在种群规模上运作的机制，例如生活史特征和社会互动的进化，以克服分子水平上的障碍。随着生命科学研究的进步和新领域变得越来越专业，这些结果提醒我们多尺度和跨学科方法对理解适应的重要性。生物体可以利用被认为在种群规模上运作的机制，例如生活史特征和社会互动的进化，以克服分子水平上的障碍。随着生命科学研究的进步和新领域变得越来越专业，这些结果提醒我们多尺度和跨学科方法对理解适应的重要性。生物体可以利用被认为在种群规模上运作的机制，例如生活史特征和社会互动的进化，以克服分子水平上的障碍。随着生命科学研究的进步和新领域变得越来越专业，这些结果提醒我们多尺度和跨学科方法对理解适应的重要性。