Aim We analyse how functional diversity (FD) varies across European natural forests to understand the effects of environmental and competitive filtering on plant trait distribution. Location Forest ecosystems in Europe from 11°W to 36°E and 29.5°N to 62°N. Taxon Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Betulaceae, Oleaceae, Tiliaceae, Aceraceae, Leguminosae (unspecific). Methods We adopted the existing Dynamic Global Vegetation Model Lund‐Potsdam‐Jena managed Land of flexible individual traits (LPJmL‐FIT) for Europe by eliminating both bioclimatic limits of plant functional types (PFTs) and replacing prescribed values of functional traits for PFTs with emergent values under influence of environmental filtering and competition. We quantified functional richness (FR), functional divergence (FDv) and functional evenness (FE) in representative selected sites and at Pan‐European scale resulting from simulated functional and structural trait combinations of individual trees. While FR quantifies the amount of occupied trait space, FDv and FE describe the distribution and abundance of trait combinations, respectively, in a multidimensional trait space. Results Lund‐Potsdam‐Jena managed Land of flexible individual traits reproduces spatial PFTs and local trait distributions and agrees well with observed productivity, biomass and tree height of European natural forests. The observed site‐specific trait distributions and spatial gradients of traits of the leaf‐ and stem‐resource economics spectra coincide with environmental filtering and the competition for light and water in environments with strong abiotic stress. Where deciduous and needle‐leaved trees co‐occur, for example, in boreal and mountainous forests, the potential niche space is wide (high FR), and extreme ends in the niche space are occupied (high FDv). We find high FDv in Mediterranean forests where drought increasingly limits tree growth, thus niche differentiation becomes more important. FDv decreases in temperate forests where a cold climate increasingly limits growth efficiency of broad‐leaved summer green trees, thus reducing the importance of competitive exclusion. Highest FE was simulated in wet Atlantic and southern Europe which indicated relatively even niche occupation and thus high resource‐use efficiency. Main Conclusions We find FD resulting from both environmental and competitive filtering. Pan‐European FR, FDv and FE demonstrate the influence of climate gradients and intra‐ and inter‐PFT competition. The indices underline a generally high FD of natural forests in Europe. Co‐existence of functionally diverse trees across PFTs emerges from alternative (life‐history) strategies, disturbance and tree demography.

中文翻译：

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模拟欧洲天然森林沿气候梯度的功能多样性

目的我们分析功能多样性 (FD) 如何在欧洲天然森林中变化，以了解环境和竞争过滤对植物性状分布的影响。位置 欧洲的森林生态系统从 11°W 到 36°E 和 29.5°N 到 62°N。分类群松科、山毛榉科和桦木科、木犀科、椴科、梧桐科、豆科（非特异性）。方法 我们采用现有的动态全球植被模型 Lund-Potsdam-Jena 管理的欧洲灵活个体性状土地 (LPJmL-FIT)，通过消除植物功能类型 (PFT) 的生物气候限制并将 PFT 功能性状的规定值替换为紧急值在环境过滤和竞争的影响下。我们量化了功能丰富度 (FR)，通过模拟单个树木的功能和结构性状组合，在具有代表性的选定地点和泛欧范围内的功能差异（FDv）和功能均匀度（FE）。虽然 FR 量化了被占用的性状空间的数量，但 FDv 和 FE 分别描述了多维性状空间中性状组合的分布和丰度。结果 Lund-Potsdam-Jena 管理的灵活个体性状土地再现了空间 PFT 和局部性状分布，与观察到的欧洲天然林的生产力、生物量和树高一致。观察到的叶和茎资源经济光谱的特定地点性状分布和空间梯度与环境过滤以及在强非生物胁迫环境中对光和水的竞争相吻合。在落叶树和针叶树同时出现的地方，例如在北方和山地森林中，潜在的生态位空间很宽（高 FR），并且占据了生态位空间的两端（高 FDv）。我们在地中海森林中发现高 FDv，在那里干旱日益限制了树木的生长，因此生态位分化变得更加重要。FDv 在温带森林中降低，在那里寒冷的气候越来越限制夏季阔叶树的生长效率，从而降低了竞争排斥的重要性。在潮湿的大西洋和南欧模拟了最高的 FE，这表明生态位占据相对均匀，因此资源利用效率高。主要结论 我们发现 FD 是由环境过滤和竞争过滤造成的。泛欧 FR，FDv 和 FE 证明了气候梯度和 PFT 内部和内部竞争的影响。这些指数强调了欧洲天然林的普遍较高的FD。PFT 中功能多样的树木的共存源于替代（生活史）策略、干扰和树木人口统计学。