Learning-induced switching costs in a parasitoid can maintain diversity of host aphid phenotypes although biocontrol is destabilised under abiotic stress,Journal of Animal Ecology

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Learning-induced switching costs in a parasitoid can maintain diversity of host aphid phenotypes although biocontrol is destabilised under abiotic stress
Journal of Animal Ecology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-30 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13189
Katharine F Preedy ₁ , Mark A J Chaplain ₂ , Daniel J Leybourne ₃ , Glenn Marion ₄ , Alison J Karley ₃

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1. Aphid populations frequently include phenotypes that are resistant to parasitism by hymenopterous parasitoid wasps, which is often attributed to the presence of 'protective' facultative endosymbionts residing in aphid tissues, particularly Hamiltonella defensa. In field conditions, under parasitoid pressure, the observed coexistence of aphids with and without protective symbionts cannot be explained by their difference in fitness alone. 2. Using the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi as a model, we propose an alternative mechanism whereby parasitoids are more efficient at finding common phenotypes of aphid and experience a fitness cost when switching to the less common phenotype. 3. We construct a model based on delay differential equations and parameterise and validate the model with values within the ranges obtained from experimental studies. We then use it to explore possible effects on system dynamics under conditions of environmental stress, using our existing data on the effects of drought stress in crops as an example. 4. We show the 'switching penalty' incurred by parasitoids leads to stable coexistence of aphids with and without H. defensa and provides a potential mechanism for maintaining phenotypic diversity amongst host organisms. We show that drought-induced reduction in aphid development time has little impact. However, greater reduction in fecundity on droughted plants of symbiont-protected aphids can cause insect population cycles when the system would be stable in the absence of drought stress. 5. The stabilising effect of the increased efficiency in dealing with more commonly encountered host phenotypes is applicable to a broad range of consumer-resource systems and could explain stable coexistence in competitive environments. The loss of stable coexistence when drought has different effects on the competing aphid phenotypes highlights the importance of scenario testing when considering biocontrol for pest management.

中文翻译：

尽管生物防治在非生物胁迫下不稳定，但寄生蜂的学习诱导转换成本可以维持寄主蚜虫表型的多样性

1. 蚜虫种群通常包括对膜翅类寄生蜂寄生有抵抗力的表型，这通常归因于存在于蚜虫组织中的“保护性”兼性内共生菌，尤其是防御性汉密尔顿菌。在野外条件下，在寄生物压力下，观察到的有和没有保护性共生体的蚜虫共存不能仅用它们的适应性差异来解释。2. 使用谷物蚜虫 Rhopalosiphum padi 作为模型，我们提出了一种替代机制，即寄生蜂在寻找常见的蚜虫表型时更有效，并在切换到不太常见的表型时经历适应度成本。3. 我们构建了一个基于延迟微分方程和参数化的模型，并使用从实验研究中获得的范围内的值来验证模型。然后，我们使用它来探索在环境压力条件下对系统动态的可能影响，以我们现有的关于干旱压力对作物影响的数据为例。4. 我们展示了由拟寄生物引起的“转换惩罚”导致蚜虫在有和没有防卫线虫的情况下稳定共存，并提供了一种维持宿主生物表型多样性的潜在机制。我们表明干旱引起的蚜虫发育时间减少几乎没有影响。然而，当系统在没有干旱胁迫的情况下稳定时，受共生体保护的蚜虫对干旱植物的繁殖力的更大降低会导致昆虫种群周期。5. 在处理更常见的宿主表型时提高效率的稳定作用适用于广泛的消费者资源系统，并且可以解释在竞争环境中的稳定共存。当干旱对竞争性蚜虫表型产生不同影响时，稳定共存的丧失凸显了在考虑对害虫管理进行生物防治时情景测试的重要性。

更新日期：2020-03-30

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