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Disturbances as opportunities: Learning from disturbance‐response parallels in social and ecological systems to better adapt to climate change
Journal of Applied Ecology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-22 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13606 Brian Buma 1 , Courtney Schultz 2
中文翻译：
干扰作为机遇：从社会和生态系统的干扰-响应相似之处中学习，以更好地适应气候变化
更新日期：2020-04-22
Journal of Applied Ecology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-22 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13606 Brian Buma 1 , Courtney Schultz 2
Affiliation
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- Disturbances (e.g. fires, floods, windstorms, landslides and tsunamis) are ubiquitous throughout the world. Many social and ecological systems have resilience mechanisms to accommodate and recover from such events. Yet, in an era of directional climate change, adaptation (rather than recovery to the same state) may be the most logical path. In such cases, disturbances, while often unwelcome, may function as opportunities for change.
- We synthesize the literature on disturbances and adaptation to climate change for both ecological and social systems, attempting to find commonalities and situations where disturbances present adaptation opportunities. We also identify three major characteristics of systems that may drive differential potential for success going forward: their overall richness of actors, their functional overlap in diversity, and their temporal rate of change.
- Social systems are better positioned to successfully take advantage of disturbance‐generated opportunities to adapt when they support collaboration of diverse interests and engage in pre‐disturbance response planning to seize opportunities when they arise. Ecological systems are well‐positioned for adaptation when they are diverse, populated with species that are tolerant of post‐disturbance environments, and when life‐history traits are well‐matched with the temporal and spatial distribution of those disturbances.
- Social systems with a lack of planning and inclusive participation and where powerful actors are resistant to change are less able to take advantage of disturbances as adaptational opportunities; ecological systems that are less diverse (spatially and in regards to species composition), especially those dominated by late successional species, are similarly constrained. Overall, we find that disturbances can create opportunities for adaptation when the ecology and social systems are aligned but there are also many situations where this is not true, depending on initial conditions, temporal pace of disturbance and system characteristics.
- Policy implications. Disturbances, while damaging and often catastrophic in the short term, present climate adaptation opportunities because they can spur reorganization towards climatically suitable systems. Policy makers and advocates should carefully consider current social and ecological conditions, specifically how they will reorganize post‐disturbance, and explore the options available to prepare and take advantage of (inevitable) future disturbances.
中文翻译：
干扰作为机遇：从社会和生态系统的干扰-响应相似之处中学习，以更好地适应气候变化
- 干扰（例如火灾，洪水，暴风雨，滑坡和海啸）在世界各地无处不在。许多社会和生态系统都有恢复机制来适应和恢复此类事件。然而，在一个方向性的气候变化时代，适应（而不是恢复到同一状态）可能是最合乎逻辑的道路。在这种情况下，干扰虽然常常是不受欢迎的，但可能会成为改变的机会。
- 我们综合了关于生态系统和社会系统的干扰和对气候变化的适应的文献，试图找到干扰带来适应机会的共性和情况。我们还确定了可能推动未来成功的不同潜力的系统的三个主要特征：参与者的整体丰富性，多样性的职能重叠和时间变化率。
- 当社会系统支持各种利益的协作时，它们更有能力成功地利用干扰产生的机会进行调整，并参与灾难前的应对计划以抓住机会，从而抓住机会。当生态系统多种多样，人口众多，可以容忍后扰动环境，并且生活史特征与这些干扰的时空分布完全匹配时，生态系统就可以很好地进行适应。
- 缺乏计划和包容性参与的社会系统，而有力的参与者抵制变革的社会系统则不太能够利用干扰作为适应机会；同样，较少多样性的生态系统（在空间上和物种组成方面），特别是那些以晚继代物种为主的生态系统也受到了限制。总体而言，我们发现，当生态系统和社会系统保持一致时，干扰会为适应创造机会，但是在很多情况下，根据初始条件，干扰的时间步长和系统特性，情况并非如此。
- 政策含义。扰动虽然具有破坏性，但在短期内往往是灾难性的，但它们却提供了气候适应的机会，因为它们可以促使人们改组为适合气候的系统。决策者和倡导者应仔细考虑当前的社会和生态状况，特别是他们将如何重组灾后问题，并探索可用于准备和利用（不可避免的）未来干扰的可选方案。
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