Energy and environmental stability are positively correlated with species richness along broad‐scale spatial gradients in terrestrial ecosystems, so their relative importance in generating and preserving diversity cannot be readily disentangled. This study seeks to exploit the negative correlation between energy and stability along the oceanic depth gradient to better understand their relative contribution in shaping broadscale biodiversity patterns. We develop a conceptual framework by simulating speciation and extinction along energy and stability gradients to generate expected patterns of biodiversity for a suite of complementary phylogenetic diversity metrics. Using a time‐calibrated molecular phylogeny for New Zealand marine ray‐finned fishes and a replicated community ecological sampling design, we then modelled these metrics along large‐scale depth and latitude gradients. Our results indicate that energy‐rich shallow waters may be an engine of diversity for percomorphs, but also suggest that recent speciation occurs in ancient fish lineages in the deep sea, hence questioning the role of energy as a key driver of speciation. Despite potentially facing high extinction early in their evolution, ancient phylogenetic lineages specialized for the deep‐sea were likely preserved by environmental stability during the Cenozoic. Furthermore, intermediate depths might be a ‘museum’ (or zone of overlap) for distinct lineages that occur predominantly in either shallow or deep‐sea waters. These intermediate depths (500–900 m) may form a ‘phylogenetic diversity bank’, perhaps providing a refuge during ancient (Mesozoic) extreme anoxic events affecting the deep sea and more recent (Pliocene–Pleistocene) climatic events occurring in shallow ecosystems. Finally, the phylogenetic structures observed in fish communities at intermediate depths suggest other processes might restrict the co‐occurrence of closely related species. Overall, by combining a conceptual framework with models of empirical phylogenetic diversity patterns, our study paves the way for understanding the determinants of biodiversity across the largest habitat on earth.

中文翻译：

---

系统发育措施揭示了深度梯度上生物多样性的生态进化驱动力

在陆地生态系统中，能源和环境的稳定性与物种丰富度沿广泛的空间梯度呈正相关，因此，它们在产生和保护多样性中的相对重要性不容易被弄清。这项研究试图利用能量和海洋深度梯度之间的稳定性之间的负相关关系，以更好地了解它们在塑造广泛的生物多样性格局方面的相对贡献。通过模拟沿能量和稳定性梯度的物种形成和灭绝，以生成一套预期的生物多样性模式（用于互补的系统发育多样性指标），我们开发了一个概念框架。使用针对新西兰海洋射线鳍鱼类的时间校准分子系统发育和重复的群落生态采样设计，然后，我们沿着大规模的深度和纬度梯度对这些度量建模。我们的研究结果表明，富含能量的浅水可能是蠕形生物多样性的引擎，但也表明最近的物种形成发生在深海的古代鱼类谱系中，因此质疑了能量作为物种形成的主要驱动力的作用。尽管在进化的早期可能面临高度灭绝的风险，但专门用于深海的古代系统发育谱系仍可能由新生代时期的环境稳定性所保留。此外，中等深度可能是主要发生在浅海或深海水域的独特世系的“博物馆”（或重叠区）。这些中间深度（500-900 m）可能形成“系统发育多样性库”，可能在影响深海的古代（中生代）极端缺氧事件以及较浅的生态系统中发生的最近（上新世至更新世）气候事件期间提供庇护。最后，在中间深度的鱼类群落中观察到的系统发育结构表明，其他过程可能会限制紧密相关物种的共生。总体而言，通过将概念框架与经验系统发育多样性模式模型相结合，我们的研究为理解地球上最大栖息地的生物多样性决定因素铺平了道路。