ABSTRACT The broad implementation of light emitting diode (LED) light sources in public lighting has become a revolution in recent years. Their low power consumption and good performance (extremely low onset time, long lifetime, high efficacy) make LEDs an optimal solution in most outdoor applications. In addition, the white light emitted by the vast majority of LEDs used in public lighting and their good color rendering improve well-being, comfort, and safety in cities, especially in commercial zones and urban centers. However, regulations on light pollution that have been developed in some countries in parallel to the introduction of LED lighting impose strong constraints to white light emission, which is present due to the higher Rayleigh scattering of short wavelengths. These regulations request filtering blue wavelengths in some protected areas and thus limit the projects to high- or low-pressure sodium sources or amber LEDs. In this work, the pros and cons of white and amber LED lighting in rural areas are analyzed and compared through simulations made on a typical rural lighting situation and considerations based on efficiency, visual performance, nonvisual effects, and light pollution. The most important conclusion is that Rayleigh scattering seems to prevail in the current considerations on light pollution, whereas other important aspects affecting safety and sustainability are are not considered. Accurate designs can decrease light pollution without constraints against white LEDs. The objective of this work is to provide evidence leading to consider light pollution from a more general perspective in the benefit of humans and the environment.

中文翻译：

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用白光优化农村道路和保护区的照明：光污染、节能和能见度之间的折衷

摘要 近年来，发光二极管 (LED) 光源在公共照明中的广泛应用已成为一场革命。它们的低功耗和良好的性能（极短的启动时间、长寿命、高效率）使 LED 成为大多数户外应用的最佳解决方案。此外，绝大多数用于公共照明的 LED 发出的白光及其良好的显色性提高了城市的幸福感、舒适度和安全性，尤其是在商业区和城市中心。然而，一些国家在引入 LED 照明的同时制定了关于光污染的法规，对白光发射施加了强烈的限制，这是由于短波长的较高瑞利散射而存在的。这些法规要求在一些保护区过滤蓝色波长，因此将项目限制在高压或低压钠源或琥珀色 LED 上。在这项工作中，通过对典型农村照明情况的模拟以及基于效率、视觉性能、非视觉效果和光污染的考虑，分析和比较了农村地区白色和琥珀色 LED 照明的优缺点。最重要的结论是瑞利散射似乎在当前对光污染的考虑中占主导地位，而没有考虑影响安全性和可持续性的其他重要方面。准确的设计可以减少光污染，而不受白光 LED 的限制。