Gynura procumbens and Cleome gynandra are two herbs commonly used in Malaysia to treat various ailments and are also consumed as salads (ulam) and vegetables. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between the chemical compositions of both herbs and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics approach, which is being reported for the first time. Different ethanolic extracts of both herbs were tested for DPPH scavenging and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) via RAW 264.7 macrophage cell induction. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a good separation between the extracts and the corresponding metabolites identified via 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 100% ethanolic extract from both herbs and 20% ethanolic extract of C. gynandra were found to have the best antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Kaempferol, quercetin, caffeoylquinic, dicaffeoylquinic acids, gallic acid, mallic acid, citric acid, phenylalanine, and choline are among the metabolites that contributed to bioactivities. The partial least square (PLS) model for both herbs have an overall acceptable goodness of fit and predictive power, which further strengthens the validity of this study. The present study provides a preliminary reference for the selection of optimum extract and will shed some light on the potential use of G. procumbens and C. gynandra as a phytomedicinal preparation.

中文翻译：

---

基于 1H NMR 的代谢组学方法研究 Gynura procumbens 和 Cleome gynandra 的化学特征、抗氧化和抗炎活性

Gynura procumbens 和 Cleome gynandra 是马来西亚常用的两种草药，用于治疗各种疾病，也可作为沙拉 (ulam) 和蔬菜食用。本研究旨在使用首次报道的核磁共振 (NMR) 代谢组学方法评估这两种草药的化学成分与其抗氧化和抗炎特性之间的关系。通过 RAW 264.7 巨噬细胞诱导，测试了两种草药的不同乙醇提取物对 DPPH 的清除和一氧化氮 (NO) 的抑制。主成分分析 (PCA) 揭示了提取物与通过 1H NMR 光谱鉴定的相应代谢物之间的良好分离。来自两种草药的 100% 乙醇提取物和 C. 的 20% 乙醇提取物。gynandra 被发现具有最好的抗氧化和抗炎活性。山奈酚、槲皮素、咖啡酰奎宁酸、二咖啡酰奎宁酸、没食子酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、苯丙氨酸和胆碱是对生物活性有贡献的代谢物。这两种草药的偏最小二乘 (PLS) 模型具有总体可接受的拟合优度和预测能力，这进一步加强了本研究的有效性。本研究为优选提取物的选择提供了初步参考，并将为G. procumbens和C. gynandra作为植物药用制剂的潜在用途提供一些启示。这两种草药的偏最小二乘 (PLS) 模型具有总体可接受的拟合优度和预测能力，这进一步加强了本研究的有效性。本研究为优选提取物的选择提供了初步参考，并将为G. procumbens和C. gynandra作为植物药用制剂的潜在用途提供一些启示。这两种草药的偏最小二乘 (PLS) 模型具有总体可接受的拟合优度和预测能力，这进一步加强了本研究的有效性。本研究为优选提取物的选择提供了初步参考，并将为G. procumbens和C. gynandra作为植物药用制剂的潜在用途提供一些启示。