Abstract —The base-metal (70–75 wt %) and tin–sulfide (10–15 wt %) deposits are the main indium suppliers in the world. However, the causes and conditions of In accumulation in the ores of these deposits are still unclear. To shed light on this problem, we simulated the physicochemical conditions of formation of base metal and tin–sulfide ores with elevated indium content. For this purpose, the average composition of ore–bearing hydrothermal solutions and parameters of ore precipitation at these deposits were determined using available literature data. Based on these data, obtained standard thermodynamic characteristics $$\Delta G_{{\text{f}}}^{0},$$ $$\Delta H_{f}^{0},$$ $$S_{f}^{0},$$ $$V_{f}^{0},$$ $$C_{p}^{0}$$ of chloride indium species ( $${\text{InCl}}_{2}^{ + },$$ InCl 3 , InClOH + ), coefficients required for calculations at elevated temperature and pressure, the formation of elevated indium contents in these ores was numerically simulated using “Gem–Selektor-3” and “Chiller” softwares. The results of thermodynamic modeling of the formation of quartz–cassiterite and tin–sulfide ores show that the higher In contents in tin–sulfide ores are related to their formation from acid (pH 4.3), high–chloride (6.6 m) solutions, which contain In (0.002 m) in form of (InCl 3aq ). The quartz–cassiterite ores were formed from near–neutral (pH 5.3), low–chloride (1.02 m) solution, in which In occurred as hydroxocomplexes InO 2 H and $${\text{InO}}_{2}^{ - }$$ in concentrations no more than 0.00004 m, which, respectively, determined its low contents in these ores. Computer modeling of the formation of indium–bearing sulfide-base metal and barite-base metal deposits shows that they were formed form high–temperature chloride (1.3–4.3 m) hydrothermal solutions of near–neutral composition (pH 5.8–6). The main In speciations are hydroxocomplexes InO 2 H and $${\text{InO}}_{2}^{ - }$$ , which provide In concentrations of 5–9 × 10 –5 m). However, due to the low indium concentrations in hydrothermal solutions, the forming sulfide minerals (sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite) differ in the lower indium contents compared to the minerals of tin–sulfide ores.

中文翻译：

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西伯利亚和远东锡硫化物和贱金属矿床矿石中铟含量升高的物理化学条件：来自热力学模型的证据

摘要 —贱金属（70-75 wt %）和锡-硫化物（10-15 wt %）矿床是世界上主要的铟供应商。然而，这些矿床矿石中In积累的原因和条件尚不清楚。为了阐明这个问题，我们模拟了铟含量升高的贱金属和硫化锡矿石形成的物理化学条件。为此，利用现有文献数据确定了这些矿床含矿热液溶液的平均成分和矿石沉淀参数。根据这些数据，得到标准热力学特性$$\Delta G_{{\text{f}}}^{0},$$ $$\Delta H_{f}^{0},$$ $$S_{f }^{0},$$ $$V_{f}^{0},$$$C_{p}^{0}$$ 氯化铟物种 ( $${\text{InCl}}_{2 }^{ + },$$ InCl 3 , InClOH + ), 根据在高温和高压下计算所需的系数，使用“Gem-Selektor-3”和“Chiller”软件对这些矿石中铟含量升高的形成进行了数值模拟。石英-锡石和锡-硫化物矿石形成的热力学模型结果表明，锡-硫化物矿石中较高的 In 含量与其在酸性 (pH 4.3)、高氯化物 (6.6 m) 溶液中形成有关，这包含形式为 (InCl 3aq ) 的 In (0.002 m)。石英-锡石矿石由近中性 (pH 5.3)、低氯化物 (1.02 m) 溶液形成，其中 In 以羟基络合物 InO 2 H 和 $${\text{InO}}_{2}^{ - }$$ 的浓度不超过 0.00004 m，这分别决定了其在这些矿石中的低含量。对含铟硫化物基金属和重晶石基金属沉积物形成的计算机模拟表明，它们是由接近中性成分 (pH 5.8-6) 的高温氯化物 (1.3-4.3 m) 热液溶液形成的。主要的 In 形态是羟基复合物 InO 2 H 和 $${\text{InO}}_{2}^{ - }$$ ，它们提供的 In 浓度为 5–9 × 10 –5 m）。然而，由于热液中的铟浓度较低，与锡硫化矿矿物相比，形成的硫化物矿物（闪锌矿、黄铁矿和黄铜矿）的铟含量较低。其提供的 In 浓度为 5–9 × 10 –5 m）。然而，由于热液中的铟浓度较低，与锡硫化矿矿物相比，形成的硫化物矿物（闪锌矿、黄铁矿和黄铜矿）的铟含量较低。其提供的 In 浓度为 5–9 × 10 –5 m）。然而，由于热液中的铟浓度较低，与锡硫化矿矿物相比，形成的硫化物矿物（闪锌矿、黄铁矿和黄铜矿）的铟含量较低。